演講MP3+雙語文稿:萬物皆有靈：動物王國中的愛與悲傷

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【演講人】Barbara J. King

【演講主題】《萬物皆有靈：動物王國中的愛與悲傷》

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯者 Carol Wang 校對 Jin Ge

I'd like to tell you today about an orca named Tahlequah. Tahlequah is also known as J35 to scientists, because she swims with the J Pod in the Salish Sea. These are the waters off of British Columbia and Washington State.

今天我要講一頭虎鯨的故事， 她名叫塔勒闊， 科學(xué)家們也叫它 J35， 因為她和代號為 J 的鯨群 一起生活在賽利希海域， 這片水域毗鄰 加拿大卑詩省和美國華盛頓州。

Now, last year, in July 2018, she was well along in her 17-month pregnancy, and scientists were very excited because no baby had survived in this pod for three long years. Now, orcas are also known as killer whales. They're profoundly social and profoundly intelligent beings. And scientists are very interested in their behavior, because in their social networks, they share habits, information and even affection. They create true cultures of the ocean. But this pod has been in trouble. The Chinook salmon that the orcas favor has been way down in the region, and pollution has been up. But on July 24th, Tahlequah gave birth to a daughter, and scientists were so excited by this development. But unfortunately, the same day -- in fact, shortly after birth -- the calf died.

去年，也就是 2018 年 7 月， 懷有 17 個月身孕的她一切正常， 科學(xué)家們都特別興奮， 因為在長達(dá) 3 年的時間里， 這個鯨群的寶寶都夭折了。 虎鯨，又被稱為逆戟鯨（殺手鯨）。 虎鯨是高度社會化、高智商動物， 科學(xué)家們對它們的行為很感興趣， 因為它們在社交網(wǎng)中 分享習(xí)性、信息、 甚至還分享情感， 它們創(chuàng)造了真正的海洋文化。 但這個鯨群遇到了困難， 該水域里虎鯨喜食的 奇努克鮭魚數(shù)量驟減， 而且水污染在持續(xù)惡化。 而在 7 月 24 日， 塔勒闊生了個女兒， 科學(xué)家們對此進展興奮不已。 但不幸的是，就在同一天—— 其實，就在出生后不久， 虎鯨寶寶就夭折了。

Well, what happened next electrified animal lovers across the world, because Tahlequah refused to let her baby slip off into the water. She kept it on her body and she swam with it. If it did fall off, she would dive and rescue it, and she battled stiff currents to do this. Now, she kept this behavior up for 17 days, and during this time, she swam over 1,000 miles. At that point, she let the little baby slip off into the water.

然而，接下來發(fā)生的一幕 震驚了全世界的動物愛好者， 因為塔勒闊拒絕 讓寶寶尸體沉入水底。 她背上馱著尸體一起游泳， 如果尸體滑落， 她會潛水再把尸體救起， 全然不顧激流的危險。 她馱著寶寶的尸體 游了整整 17 天， 一共游了 1000 多英里， 那時，她才讓小寶寶 從她背上滑落、墜入水里。

So today, Tahlequah swims on with the J Pod, but her grief still moves me. And I do believe that "grief" is the right word to use. I believe that grief is the right word to use for numerous animals who mourn the dead. They may be friends or mates or relatives. Because these visible cues, these behavioral cues, tell us something about an animal's emotional state. Now, for the last seven years, I've been working to document examples of animal grief -- in birds, in mammals, in domesticated animals and in wild animals -- and I believe in the reality of animal grief.

今天，塔勒闊 依然跟隨著 J 鯨群， 但她的悲痛依然感動著我。 我深信用“悲痛”這個詞不為過， 我用“悲痛”這個詞， 是因為無數(shù)動物 會哀悼死去的同類， 死者可能是它們的朋友、 伙伴或親戚。 因為這些可見的行為線索 告訴我們動物情感狀態(tài)的信息。 在過去的 7 年里， 我一直在記錄動物悲痛的例子—— 有鳥兒的、哺乳動物的， 家養(yǎng)動物的和野生動物的—— 我相信動物的 悲痛情感真實存在。

Now, I say it this way because I need to acknowledge to you right up front that not all scientists agree with me. And part of the reason, I think, is because of what I call the "a-word." The a-word is anthropomorphism, and historically, it's been a big deterrent to recognizing animal emotions. So, anthropomorphism is when we project onto other animals our capacities or our emotions. And we can all probably think of examples of this. Let's say we have a friend who tells us, "My cat understands everything I say." Or, "My dog, he's so sweet. he ran right across the yard this morning towards a squirrel, and I know he just wants to play." Well, maybe. Or maybe not. I'm skeptical about claims like those. But animal grief is different, because we're not trying to read an animal's mind. We're looking at visible cues of behavior and trying to interpret them with some meaning.

我這樣說， 是因為我必須事先說明 并非所有科學(xué)家都同意我的觀點。 我覺得，部分原因 是因為我所說的“A-單詞”。 這個單詞就是“擬人化“， 它一直被用來 區(qū)分動物情感。 當(dāng)把我們的能力和感情 想象到動物身上時，就是擬人化。 而且，我們都可能想出這樣的例子。 假設(shè)一位朋友告訴我們說， “我的貓咪明白我說的所有事情?！?或，“我的狗太可愛了， 今天早上他穿過院子追松鼠， 我知道他只想玩而已?！?好吧，也許吧； 或者，也許不是。 我對類似那樣的說法表示懷疑。 但動物的悲痛與此不同， 因為，我們不是試圖解讀動物的想法， 我們在觀察可見的行為線索， 并嘗試用某種意義來解釋它們。

Now, it's true -- scientists often push back at me, and they'll say, "Ah, look, the animal might be stressed, or maybe the animal's just confused because his or her routine has been disrupted." But I think that this overworry about anthropomorphism misses a fundamental point. And that is that animals can care very deeply for each other, maybe they even love each other. And when they do, a survivor's heart can be pierced by a death. Let's face it: if we deny evolutionary continuity, we are really missing out on embracing part of ourselves. So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief, and I also think that if we recognize it, we can make the world a better place for animals, a kinder place for animals.

這是真的 —— 科學(xué)家經(jīng)常反駁我， 他們會說， “啊，看吶，這動物可能壓力大， 抑或，這動物很困惑， 因為它的日常生活被打亂了?！?但我認(rèn)為，這種 關(guān)于擬人化的過度擔(dān)憂 忽略了一個基本點， 就是動物們會深深關(guān)愛彼此， 甚至愛上彼此。 當(dāng)他們愛彼此時， 一方的去世會傷透生者的心。 我們看一看： 如果我們否認(rèn)進化的連續(xù)性， 我們真會錯過擁抱自己的一部分。 所以是的，我相信動物悲傷的現(xiàn)實， 我也認(rèn)為如果我們認(rèn)識到它， 就能讓這個世界 成為更適合動物的地方， 一個對動物更友善的地方。

So let me tell you a little bit more about animal grief. I'm going to start in Kenya. You see here there's an elephant named Eleanor who came one day with bruised legs, and she collapsed. You see on the left that another female named Grace came to her right away and, using her own trunk, propped her up, tried to get her up on her feet. And she did succeed, but then Eleanor collapsed again. At this point, Grace became visibly distressed, and she prodded the body, and she vocalized. Eleanor collapsed again, and unfortunately, she did die. What you see on the right is a female from another family named Maui, who came after the death, and she stayed at the body. She held a vigil there, and she even rocked in distress over the body. So the scientists watching the elephants kept close observation on Eleanor's body for seven days. And during those seven days, a parade of elephants came from five different families. Now, some were just curious, but others carried out behaviors that I really believe should be classified as grief.

容我多告訴你一些 關(guān)于動物悲傷的事情， 就從肯尼亞開始吧。 你看到這里有一頭 名叫埃莉諾的大象， 一天她來的時候，腿上傷痕累累， 最終倒地不起。 你看到在她左邊， 另一頭名叫格蕾絲的母象 立刻來到她身旁， 并用自己的鼻子扶起她， 試圖讓她站立起來。 她真幫埃莉諾站起來了， 但接著她又倒地不起。 此時，格蕾絲明顯很憂慮， 她捅了捅埃莉諾的身體， 并發(fā)出悲鳴。 然而，埃莉諾又倒下了， 不幸的是，她最終還是死了。 右邊的大象是叫毛伊的母象， 她來自另一個大象家庭， 埃莉諾死后，她來到了這里， 并待在尸體旁邊。 她在那里替埃莉諾守夜， 她甚至在尸體周圍 悲傷地晃身頓足。 所以觀察大象的科學(xué)家們 對埃莉諾的尸體 密切監(jiān)視了七天。 在那七天的時間里， 來自五個不同家庭的大象 結(jié)隊來到了這里。 有些大象只是感到好奇， 但其它大象的行為 讓我真相信應(yīng)被歸類為悲傷。

So what does grief look like? It can be rocking, as I said, in distress. It can also be social withdrawal, when an animal just takes himself or herself away from friends and stays by themselves, or a failure to eat or sleep properly, sometimes a depressed posture or vocalization. It can be very helpful for those of us studying this to be able to compare the behavior of a survivor before death and after death, because that increases the rigor of our interpretation. And I can explain this to you by talking about two ducks named Harper and Kohl.

那么悲傷是怎樣表現(xiàn)的呢？ 像我說的，可能是 悲痛地劇烈晃動身體， 也可能表現(xiàn)為不合群， 即一只動物離開朋友們 并獨自生活， 或不能正常進食或睡眠， 有時做出沮喪的姿勢或悲鳴。 對于我們這些研究動物情感的人來說， 能夠比較死前和之后幸存者的行為 是非常有幫助的， 因為這增加了我們解釋的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。 通過談?wù)搩芍圾喿庸旰涂茽枺?我可以向你解釋這一點，

So we're into birds now. So Harper and Kohl were raised at a foie gras factory, and they were treated cruelly. Foie gras does involve force-feeding of birds. So this hurt their bodies, and their spirits were not in good shape, either. But thankfully, they were rescued by a farm sanctuary in upstate New York. And for four years, they stabilized, and they were fast friends. They often took themselves to a small pond on the property. Then, Kohl started to have really intractable pain in his legs, and it was clear to the sanctuary that he had to be euthanized humanely, and he was. But then the sanctuary workers did a brilliant thing, because they brought Harper to the body to see. And at first, Harper prodded the body of his friend, but then he laid himself over it, and he stayed there for over an hour with his friend. And in the weeks after, he had a hard time. He would go back to that same pond where he had been with Kohl, and he didn't want any other friends. And within two months, he died as well.

所以我們現(xiàn)在要討論鳥類了。 哈珀和科爾在一家鵝肝廠養(yǎng)大， 它們在那里受到殘酷對待。 鵝肝確實涉及強制喂養(yǎng)鳥類， 強制喂養(yǎng)不但傷害它們的身體， 它們的精神狀態(tài)也很糟糕。 但幸運的是，紐約州北部的 一個農(nóng)場庇護救了它倆， 四年來，他們安居于此， 并成為密友， 經(jīng)常一起去農(nóng)場的一個小池塘。 后來，科爾開始腿疼的厲害， 但無藥可救， 庇護所必須實施安樂死 以減少他的痛苦， 最終，他被安樂死了。 接下來，庇護所工作人員 做了一件很棒的事情， 他們把哈珀帶到科爾身旁， 看他的反應(yīng)。 起初，哈珀戳了戳朋友的身體， 然后就趴在朋友的尸體上面， 陪著他的朋友 在那里待了一個多小時。 隨后的幾個星期里， 哈珀過得很艱難， 他會回到以前 與科爾同去的小池塘， 并拒絕與其它朋友們在一起。 不出 2 個月，哈珀也死了。

Now, I'm happy to say that not all grieving animals have this sorrowful outcome. Last summer, I flew to Boston to visit my adult daughter, Sarah. I was with my husband Charlie. I really needed a break from work. But I succumbed, and I checked my work email. You know how that is. And there was a communication about a dejected donkey. Now, as an anthropologist, this wasn't what I expected, but there it was, and I'm glad I read it. Because a donkey named Lena had gone to another farm sanctuary, this one in Alberta, Canada, as the only donkey there, and had trouble making friends for that reason. But she eventually did make friends with an older horse named Jake, and for three years they were inseparable. But the reason the email came was that Jake, at age 32, the horse, had become gravely ill and had to be put down, and this is what was going on. This is Lena standing on Jake's grave. She didn't want to come in at night. She didn't want to come in for food. She didn't want to come in for water. She pawed at the grave, she brayed in distress, and there she stood. So we talked and we brainstormed. What do you do for an animal like this? And we talked about the role of time, of extra love and kindness from people and of urging her to make a new friend. And here's where her trajectory does diverge from that of Harper the duck, because she did make a new friend, and sanctuary workers wrote back and said it worked out well.

現(xiàn)在，我很高興地說， 并非所有悲傷的動物 都有這種傷心的表現(xiàn)。 去年夏天，我飛往波士頓 看望已成年的女兒莎拉， 是和我先生查理同去的， 我確實需要休息一下。 但我還是忍不住 查看了工作郵件， 你了解那種放不下工作的情況。 郵箱里有封關(guān)于一頭 沮喪驢子的通訊， 作為一名人類學(xué)家， 按理說這不是我所期望的， 但它就在郵箱里， 我很高興自己讀了它。 一頭叫莉娜的驢子 來到了位于加拿大 阿爾伯塔的另一個農(nóng)場庇護所， 作為那里唯一的驢子， 莉娜很難交到朋友。 但最終她和 叫扎克的老馬成了朋友， 三年來，他倆形影不離。 這封郵件是因為 已32歲高齡的扎克 病得很重，必須要殺死他 以減輕他的痛苦， 接下來就是所發(fā)生的一切。 圖中的莉娜站在扎克的墓上， 她不想晚上來， 不想為了吃東西而來， 也不想為了喝水而來， 她用爪子刨著墓地、悲鳴不已， 她就站在那里。 因此，我們一起討論、頭腦風(fēng)暴， 對這樣的動物，我們該怎么辦？ 我們談到了時間的作用、 人們對她的額外關(guān)愛和善意， 以及敦促她結(jié)交新朋友。 自此，她的驢生與 鴨子哈珀的生活不同， 因為她真的結(jié)交了新朋友， 庇護所工作人員回信說， 新友情幫她改善了很多。

Now sometimes, scientists supplement observation with hormonal analysis. There's an example of a group of scientists in Botswana, who took fecal material from baboons and compared two different groups. The first group were females who had witnessed a predator attack and lost someone in that attack, and the second group were females who had witnessed an attack but had not lost someone. And the stress hormones were way up in that first group. But here's the thing: the scientists didn't just call them "stressed baboons," they called them "bereaved baboons," and in part, that's because of the observations that they made. For example, this mother-daughter pair were very close, and then the daughter was killed by a lion. The mother removed herself from all her friends, from her grooming networks, and just stayed by herself for weeks -- bereavement -- and she then slowly recovered.

有些情況下， 科學(xué)家們用荷爾蒙激素分析 來補充觀察結(jié)果。 這個例子是博茨瓦納一組科學(xué)家的， 他們提取狒狒糞便， 用來比較兩個不同群體。 第一組是雌性狒狒， 她們目睹了捕食者的襲擊， 并在襲擊中失去了一位成員， 第二組也是雌性狒狒， 她們雖目睹襲擊，但無成員傷亡。 第一組的壓力荷爾蒙高出很多。 但事情是這樣的： 科學(xué)家們并未 簡單稱她們“緊張的狒狒”， 而是稱她們?yōu)椤皢视H的狒狒”， 部分原因是，他們 所做的觀察導(dǎo)致了這樣的稱呼。 例如，這位媽媽和女兒很親密， 之后，女兒被獅子殺害。 這位媽媽離開所有的朋友， 離開互梳毛發(fā)的圈子， 離群索居了幾周的時間—— 喪親之痛—— 之后她才慢慢恢復(fù)過來。

So we have bereaved baboons. Will science tell us someday about bereaved bees? Will we hear about frogs who mourn? I don't think so, and I think the reason is because animals really need one-to-one, close relationships for that to happen. I also know that circumstance matters, and personality matters. I have documented cats and dogs who grieve, our companion animals, but I also interacted with a woman who was extremely bothered because her dog wasn't grieving. She said to me, "The first dog in the house has died. The second animal does not seem concerned, the second dog. What is wrong with him?"

所以，懷有喪親之痛的 狒狒的確存在。 將來，科學(xué)會告訴我們 也有喪親之痛的蜜蜂嗎？ 將來我們會聽說青蛙也憂傷嗎？ 我不那么認(rèn)為， 因為動物們真正需要一對一、 親密無間的關(guān)系才會那樣， 我也知道這與環(huán)境有關(guān)、 與性格有關(guān)。 我記錄了悲傷的貓和狗， 它們是我們的伴侶動物。 但我也和一位女士交流過， 因為她的狗沒有悲傷讓她很鬧心。 她告訴我，“家里的第一條狗死了， 第二條狗看起來根本不在乎， 他是不是有毛?。俊?/p>

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

And as I listened to her, I realized that this dog was now the only animal in the household, and as far as he was concerned, that was a pretty good deal. So circumstances matter.

當(dāng)我聽她講述時， 就意識到，這條狗 現(xiàn)在是家里唯一的動物， 在他看來，他現(xiàn)在獨享恩寵， 這個結(jié)果不錯哦。 因此，環(huán)境因素很重要。

Now, in any case, animals are not going to grieve exactly like we do. We have human creativity. We paint our grief, dance our grief, write our grief. We also can grieve for people we've never met, across space and time. I felt this strongly when I went to Berlin and I stood at the Holocaust Memorial. Animals don't grieve exactly like we do, but this doesn't mean that their grief isn't real. It is real, and it's searing, and we can see it if we choose.

無論如何， 動物悲傷不會完全像我們一樣， 我們有人類的創(chuàng)造力。 我們會把悲傷畫出來、 通過舞蹈表現(xiàn)出來、 把悲傷寫出來。 我們也會為未曾謀面的人悲傷， 穿越時空限制。 當(dāng)我去柏林、站在 大屠殺紀(jì)念館前時， 就深深感受到這一點。 動物們悲傷不會完全像我們一樣， 但這不代表他們的悲傷不真實。 它們的悲傷是真切的、強烈的， 如果我們選擇去看， 就能看到它們的悲傷。

Now, I've lost both my parents. I lost a very dear friend at a young age from AIDS. I believe most likely most of you here have lost someone. And I have found it a genuine comfort, a solace, to know that we aren't the only beings on this earth who feel love and grief. And I think this is important. I also think we can take this a step further, and we can realize that the reality of animal grief can help us be better and do better for animals. This is already happening with Tahlequah, because the United States and Canada have renewed their talks with greater urgency for how to help the orcas, how to restore the Chinook salmon and how to help with the water pollution. We can also see that if grief is real, there's tremendous plausibility to the notion that animals feel a whole range of things. So we could look at joy, sadness, even hope. And if we do that, here's how we can start to think about the world. We can look at orcas and say, we know they grieve, we know they feel their lives, and we can refuse to confine them to small tanks in theme parks and make them perform for our entertainment.

如今，我雙親盡失， 我還失去了一位年紀(jì)輕輕 就死于艾滋病的好友， 相信可能在座各位都失去過親人。 當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)我們不是地球上 唯一感知愛和悲傷的生命時， 我感到這是一種真正的安慰， 我感到一種慰藉。 我認(rèn)為這一點很重要， 也認(rèn)為我們可以更進一步， 我們就能認(rèn)識到， 認(rèn)清動物的悲傷可以幫我們 變得更好、為動物做得更好， 這一點已經(jīng)幫到塔勒闊了， 因為美國和加拿大 已經(jīng)加急重啟討論， 討論如何幫助虎鯨、 如何恢復(fù)奇努克鮭魚、 以及如何解決水污染問題。 如果悲傷是真實的， 那么我們也能認(rèn)識到 動物能感受各種事情的概念 是極其合理的。 所以，我們可以看到 快樂、悲傷，甚至希望。 如果我們看到這些情緒， 那么，下面是我們?nèi)绾?開始思考這個世界。 我們能看著虎鯨們說， 我們知道他們悲傷、 我們了解它們感知到自己的生命， 我們就能拒絕把它們囚禁 在主題公園的小池子里、 并讓它們表演供我們欣賞。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝！

We can look at elephants and say, yes, they grieve, and we can renew our efforts against international trophy hunting and against poaching.

我們能看著大象們說， 是的，它們很悲傷， 我們可以繼續(xù)努力反對國際范圍的 戰(zhàn)利品狩獵活動和偷獵。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝！

And we can look at our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes, and know yes they grieve, they feel their lives, so they don't deserve to be confined in highly invasive biomedical experiments year after year.

并且能看著我們最近的 動物近親，猴子和猩猩， 知道他們很悲傷、能 感受到自己的生命， 所以，它們不該 年復(fù)一年地被用于高度侵入性的 生物醫(yī)學(xué)實驗中。

And, you know –

而且，你要知道——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

the ducks Harper and Kohl, they tell us something too. They help us connect the dots and realize that what we eat affects how animals live. And it's not just foie gras, and it's not just ducks. We can think about pigs and chickens and cows in factory farms, and we can know. I can tell you the science is real that these animals feel, too. So every single time we choose a plant-based meal, we are contributing to reducing animal suffering.

鴨子哈珀和科爾 也告訴了我們一些事情， 它們幫助我們把信息 拼湊起來，并意識到 我們吃的東西會影響 動物的生活方式。 這不僅僅關(guān)乎鵝肝、 不僅僅是鴨肉， 想想動物養(yǎng)殖場的 豬、雞和奶牛， 就知道我們影響了它們。 我可以告訴大家，關(guān)于 這些動物有感覺的科學(xué)是真的。 因此，每次我們選擇吃素食時， 就是為減少動物痛苦 盡了一份力。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So yes, I believe in the reality of animal grief. I believe in the reality of animal love, and I think it is time for us humans to recognize that we don't own these things. And when we see that, we have an opportunity to make the world so much better for animals, a kinder world, a gentler world, and along the way, we might just save ourselves, too.

是的，我相信動物悲傷是真實的， 我相信動物相愛也是真實的， 我認(rèn)為我們?nèi)祟悜?yīng)該認(rèn)識到， 悲傷與愛不是我們獨有的東西。 當(dāng)我們看到悲傷與愛時， 我們就有機會讓動物世界變得更好， 對動物更友善、更溫和的世界， 在此過程中，我們 可能也拯救了自己。

Thank you so much.

非常感謝！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)

謝謝！謝謝！ （掌聲）