演講MP3+雙語文稿:扭轉(zhuǎn)困境，我們應(yīng)該創(chuàng)造怎樣的故事？

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【演講人】George Monbio

【演講主題】扭轉(zhuǎn)困境，我們應(yīng)該創(chuàng)造怎樣的故事？

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯者psjmz mz 校對(duì)Yanyan Hong

Do you feel trappedin a broken economic model?A model that's trashing the living worldand threatens the lives of our descendants?A model that excludes of peoplewhile making a handful unimaginably rich?That sorts us into winners and losers,and then blames the losers for their misfortune?Welcome to neoliberalism,the zombie doctrine that never seems to die,however comprehensively it is discredited.Now you might have imagined that the financial crisis of 2008would have led to the collapse of neoliberalism.After all, it exposed its central features,which were deregulating business and finance,tearing down public protections,throwing us into extreme competition with each other,as, well, just a little bit flawed.And intellectually, it did collapse.But still, it dominates our lives.Why?Well, I believe the answer is that we have not yet produceda new story with which to replace it.

你有感到自己陷在一個(gè)破碎的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型里嗎？一個(gè)毀滅現(xiàn)實(shí)世界，并威脅子孫后代的模型？這個(gè)模型把數(shù)億人排除在外，同時(shí)只讓少數(shù)人 獲得難以想象的財(cái)富。它把我們分為贏家和輸家，然后指責(zé)輸家運(yùn)氣不好。歡迎來到新自由主義，這個(gè)僵尸學(xué)說似乎從沒消失過，然而這是完全不可信的。你可能想象過 2008 年的金融危機(jī)會(huì)導(dǎo)致新自由主義的垮臺(tái)。畢竟，它暴露了它的核心特征，即商業(yè)和金融的去管制化，撕碎公眾保障，把我們丟到彼此極端競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境中，卻輕描淡寫地說， 只是有點(diǎn)瑕疵罷了。就理智上來說，它確實(shí)崩潰了，但仍舊主導(dǎo)著我們的生活。為什么？我認(rèn)為答案在于我們還沒有創(chuàng)造出用來替代它的新故事。

01:35

Stories are the means by which we navigate the world.They allow us to interpret its complex and contradictory signals.When we want to make sense of something,the sense we seek is not scientific sensebut narrative fidelity.Does what we are hearing reflect the waythat we expect humans and the world to behave?Does it hang together?Does it progressas a story should progress?

故事是我們駕馭世界的方式。它讓我們可以解釋其中 復(fù)雜和矛盾的信號(hào)。當(dāng)我們想讓事情感覺合理時(shí)，我們尋找的這種感覺不是科學(xué)意義上的，而是敘事的忠實(shí)性。我們聽到的是不是反映出我們所期望的 人們和世界的行為方式？是否緊密關(guān)聯(lián)？它是否有像故事一樣的進(jìn)展？

02:11

Now, we are creatures of narrative,and a string of facts and figures, however important facts and figures are --and, you know, I'm an empiricist, I believe in facts and figures --but those facts and figures have no power to displace a persuasive story.The only thing that can replace a storyis a story.You cannot take away someone's storywithout giving them a new one.And it's not just stories in general that we are attuned to,but particular narrative structures.There are a number of basic plots that we use again and again,and in politics there is one basic plotwhich turns out to be tremendously powerful,and I call this "the restoration story."It goes as follows.

我們都是會(huì)講故事的生物、且重視一系列的事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)的生物， 然而事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)——我是個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義者， 我相信事實(shí)和數(shù)字——但這些事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)無法替代 一個(gè)有說服力的故事。唯一能取代一個(gè)故事的是另一個(gè)故事。如果你沒能用新的故事替代，那么你就無法奪走別人的故事。我們所熟悉的并非只是普通的故事，而是有特定敘事結(jié)構(gòu)的故事。有很多我們使用了 一次又一次的基本情節(jié)，在政治中，有一個(gè)基本的情節(jié)非常強(qiáng)大，我稱之為 “修復(fù)的故事”。套路如下。

03:11

Disorder afflicts the land,caused by powerful and nefarious forcesworking against the interests of humanity.But the hero will revolt against this disorder,fight those powerful forces,against the odds overthrow themand restore harmony to the land.

混亂折磨著大地，是由那危害著人類利益的強(qiáng)大而邪惡的力量造成的。但是，英雄將反抗這種混亂，與那些強(qiáng)大的力量戰(zhàn)斗，沖破萬難推翻它，恢復(fù)大地的和諧。

03:33

You've heard this story before.It's the Bible story.It's the "Harry Potter" story.It's the "Lord of the Rings" story.It's the "Narnia" story.But it's also the storythat has accompanied almost every political and religious transformationgoing back millennia.In fact, we could go as far as to saythat without a powerful new restoration story,a political and religious transformationmight not be able to happen.It's that important.

你以前聽過這樣的故事。這是圣經(jīng)故事。這是哈利波特故事。這是指環(huán)王故事。這是納尼亞傳奇故事。但這種故事幾千年來幾乎伴隨著每一次政治和宗教變革。事實(shí)上，我們可以說，如果沒有強(qiáng)有力的新修復(fù)故事，一場(chǎng)政治和宗教改革可能不會(huì)發(fā)生。它就是那么重要。

04:11

After laissez-faire economics triggered the Great Depression,John Maynard Keynes sat down to write a new economics,and what he did was to tell a restoration story,and it went something like this.

在自由放任經(jīng)濟(jì)引發(fā)大蕭條之后，約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯 寫了一本新經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，并且他的做法是 講一個(gè)關(guān)于修復(fù)的故事，大概是這樣寫的：

04:28

Disorder afflicts the land!

混亂折磨著大地！

04:30

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

04:32

Caused by the powerful and nefarious forces of the economic elite,which have captured the world's wealth.But the hero of the story,the enabling state, supported by working class and middle class people,will contest that disorder,will fight those powerful forces by redistributing wealth,and through spending public money on public goodswill generate income and jobs,restoring harmony to the land.

是由掌握世界財(cái)富的強(qiáng)大而邪惡的經(jīng)濟(jì)精英力量造成的。但故事的英雄，在工人階級(jí)和中產(chǎn)階級(jí) 賦權(quán)下的這個(gè)國(guó)家將對(duì)抗這種混亂，將會(huì)通過重新分配財(cái)富 打壓這些強(qiáng)勢(shì)力量，并且通過把公共資金 花在公共產(chǎn)品上來產(chǎn)生收入和工作機(jī)會(huì)，恢復(fù)大地的和諧。

05:05

Now like all good restoration stories,this one resonated across the political spectrum.Democrats and Republicans, labor and conservatives,left and right all became, broadly, Keynesian.Then, when Keynesianism ran into troublein the 1970s,the neoliberals, people like Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman,came forward with their new restoration story,and it went something like this.

當(dāng)時(shí)就如所有講得好的修復(fù)故事，這個(gè)故事在整個(gè)政界引起了共鳴，民主黨和共和黨，工黨和保守黨，左派和右派都變成了凱恩斯主義者。然后，當(dāng)凱恩斯主義在 1970 年代陷入困境時(shí)，新自由主義者，比如弗里德里希·哈耶克 和米爾頓·弗里德曼，出來提出他們新的修復(fù)故事，它大概是這樣講的。

05:35

You'll never guess what's coming.

你們都猜不到是怎么說的。

05:37

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

05:38

Disorder afflicts the land!Caused by the powerful and nefarious forcesof the overmighty state,whose collectivizing tendencies crush freedom and individualismand opportunity.But the hero of the story, the entrepreneur,will fight those powerful forces,roll back the state,and through creating wealth and opportunity,restore harmony to the land.And that story also resonated across the political spectrum.Republicans and Democrats, conservatives and labor,they all became, broadly, neoliberal.Opposite storieswith an identical narrative structure.

混亂折磨著大地！是由集權(quán)國(guó)家的強(qiáng)大和邪惡勢(shì)力造成的，它們的集體化傾向 粉碎了自由、個(gè)人主義和機(jī)會(huì)。但故事的英雄，企業(yè)家，將會(huì)反抗這種強(qiáng)大的力量，扭轉(zhuǎn)國(guó)家的力量，通過財(cái)富和機(jī)遇，恢復(fù)大地的和諧。這個(gè)故事也引起了整個(gè)政界的共鳴。共和黨和民主黨，保守黨和工黨，總的來說，他們都變成了 新自由主義者。具有相同敘事結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)立故事。

06:30

Then, in 2008,the neoliberal story fell apart,and its opponents came forward with ...nothing.No new restoration story!The best they had to offer was a watered-down neoliberalismor a microwaved Keynesianism.And that is why we're stuck.Without that new story,we are stuck with the old failed storythat keeps on failing.Despair is the state we fall intowhen our imagination fails.When we have no story that explains the presentand describes the future,hope evaporates.Political failure is at hearta failure of imagination.Without a restoration storythat can tell us where we need to go,nothing is going to change,but with such a restoration story,almost everything can change.The story we need to tellis a story which will appeal to as wide a range of people as possible,crossing political fault lines.It should resonate with deep needs and desires.It should be simple and intelligible,and it should be grounded in reality.

然后，在 2008 年，新自由主義的故事分崩離析，它的對(duì)手提出了……啥都沒有。沒有新的修復(fù)故事！他們所能提供的最好的東西 是淡化的新自由主義或微波式的凱恩斯主義。所以我們陷入了困境。沒有那個(gè)新的故事，我們困在那老舊不堪的、不斷失敗的故事中。當(dāng)我們的想象失敗時(shí)，我們陷入了絕望的狀態(tài)。當(dāng)我們沒有故事來解釋現(xiàn)狀和描述未來時(shí)，希望蒸發(fā)了。政治失敗的本質(zhì)，是想象力的失敗。沒有新的修復(fù)故事告訴我們需要去往何處，什么事情都不會(huì)發(fā)生，但有這么一個(gè)修復(fù)故事，幾乎任何事情都可以改變。我們需要講的故事需要吸引盡可能多的人，跨越不同的政治斷層。它應(yīng)該與深層需求和欲望共鳴。它應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)單易懂，并且它應(yīng)該根植于現(xiàn)實(shí)。

08:02

Now, I admit that all of this sounds like a bit of a tall order.But I believe that in Western nations,there is actually a story like thiswaiting to be told.Over the past few years,there's been a fascinating convergence of findingsin several different sciences,in psychology and anthropology and neuroscience and evolutionary biology,and they all tell us something pretty amazing:that human beings have got this massive capacity for altruism.Sure, we all have a bit of selfishness and greed inside us,but in most people, those are not our dominant values.And we also turn out to be the supreme cooperators.We survived the African savannas,despite being weaker and slower than our predators and most of our prey,by an amazing ability to engage in mutual aid,and that urge to cooperate has been hardwired into our mindsthrough natural selection.These are the central, crucial facts about humankind:our amazing altruism and cooperation.

我承認(rèn)這聽起來要求有點(diǎn)高。但我相信在西方世界，確實(shí)存在這樣一個(gè)故事，等待被講述。在過去幾年中，在心理學(xué)、人類學(xué)、 神經(jīng)科學(xué)和進(jìn)化生物學(xué)等幾個(gè)不同的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中，有許多讓人著迷的研究，并且它們都告訴了我們一些 非常神奇的事情：人類有這種巨大的利他主義。沒錯(cuò)，我們內(nèi)心都有些自私和貪婪，但對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說， 這些都不是我們的主流價(jià)值。我們也是最優(yōu)秀的合作者。我們?cè)诜侵薮蟛菰闲掖嫦聛?，盡管我們比我們的捕食者 和大多數(shù)獵物都更弱更慢，但我們擁有驚人的相互幫助的能力，這種合作的欲望通過自然選擇 已經(jīng)深深的烙印在在我們的大腦中。這些是關(guān)于人類的核心，關(guān)鍵的事實(shí)：我們驚人的利他主義和合作精神。

09:19

But something has gone horribly wrong.Disorder afflicts the land.

但有些地方出了嚴(yán)重的問題。混亂折磨著大地。

09:25

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

09:28

Our good nature has been thwarted by several forces,but I think the most powerful of them is the dominant political narrativeof our times,which tells us that we should live in extreme individualismand competition with each other.It pushes us to fight each other, to fear and mistrust each other.It atomizes society.It weakens the social bonds that make our lives worth living.And into that vacuumgrow these violent, intolerant forces.We are a society of altruists,but we are governed by psychopaths.

我們的良性本能受到了 幾股力量的阻撓，但我認(rèn)為其中最強(qiáng)大的是 我們這個(gè)時(shí)代占主導(dǎo)地位的政治敘事，它告訴我們，我們應(yīng)該 帶著極端個(gè)人主義，并彼此競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。它推動(dòng)我們相互斗爭(zhēng)， 相互恐懼和互不信任。它把社會(huì)分裂得支離破碎，削弱了使我們的生活 有價(jià)值的社會(huì)紐帶。在這個(gè)真空中，這些暴力、不寬容的力量恣意增長(zhǎng)。我們是一個(gè)充滿利他主義者的社會(huì)，但我們被精神變態(tài)者統(tǒng)治著。

10:13

（Applause）

（鼓掌）

10:21

But it doesn't have to be like this.It really doesn't,because we have this incredible capacity for togetherness and belonging,and by invoking that capacity,we can recover those amazing components of our humanity:our altruism and cooperation.Where there is atomization, we can build a thriving civic lifewith a rich participatory culture.Where we find ourselves crushed between market and state,we can build an economics that respects both people and planet.And we can create this economics around that great neglected sphere,the commons.

但事情不一定非得這樣。它真不該這樣，因?yàn)槲覀儞碛袌F(tuán)結(jié) 和歸屬的驚人能力，通過調(diào)用這種能力，我們可以找回人性中 那些驚人的能力：我們的利他主義和協(xié)作精神。在出現(xiàn)分裂的地方，我們 可以用豐富的參與性文化建設(shè)繁榮的公民生活。在那些我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被市場(chǎng)和 國(guó)家壓得喘不過氣來的地方，我們可以建設(shè)一個(gè)尊重 人類和地球的經(jīng)濟(jì)。我們可以圍繞這個(gè) 被忽視的領(lǐng)域——公地，來創(chuàng)造出這種經(jīng)濟(jì)。

11:04

The commons is neither market nor state, capitalism nor communism,but it consists of three main elements:a particular resource;a particular community that manages that resource;and the rules and negotiations the community develops to manage it.Think of community broadband or community energy cooperativesor the shared land for growing fruit and vegetablesthat in Britain we call allotments.A common can't be sold, it can't be given away,and its benefits are shared equally among the members of the community.Where we have been ignored and exploited,we can revive our politics.We can recover democracy from the people who have captured it.We can use new rules and methods of electionsto ensure that financial power never trumps democratic power again.

公地不是市場(chǎng)也不是國(guó)家， 不是資本主義也不是共產(chǎn)主義，但它包括三個(gè)主要元素：一種特殊的資源；一個(gè)管理這種資源的特殊社群；以及社群為管理它而制定 的規(guī)則和談判方法。想想在英國(guó)我們稱之為配額的寬帶或社區(qū)能源合作社，或者種植水果和蔬菜的共享土地。公地不能買賣，也不能送人，并且它的收益要 在社群成員間平等共享。在我們被忽視和剝削的地方，我們可以重振我們的政治。我們可以從捕獲它的人 那里恢復(fù)民主。我們可以使用選舉的新規(guī)則和方法去確保金融權(quán)利 不會(huì)再次超過民主權(quán)利。

12:00

（Applause）

（鼓掌）

12:07

Representative democracy should be tempered by participatory democracyso that we can refine our political choices,and that choice should be exercised as much as possible at the local level.If something can be decided locally, it shouldn't be determined nationally.And I call all this the politics of belonging.

代議制民主應(yīng)當(dāng)通過 參與式民主加以調(diào)和，以便我們能夠完善我們的政治選擇，并且選擇應(yīng)該更多地由地方級(jí)做出。如果事情能在本地解決， 它就不應(yīng)該在國(guó)家層面上解決。我把這些全叫做歸屬政治。

12:32

Now, I think this has got the potential to appealacross quite a wide range of people,and the reason for this is that among the very few valuesthat both left and right shareare belonging and community.And we might mean slightly different things by them,but at least we start with some language in common.In fact, you can see a lot of politics as being a search for belonging.Even fascists seek community,albeit a frighteningly homogenous communitywhere everyone looks the same and wears the same uniformand chants the same slogans.

我認(rèn)為這相當(dāng)有潛力能吸引很多的人們，其原因在于在左派和右派所共有的少數(shù)價(jià)值觀中有歸屬感和社群感。我們的意思可能有點(diǎn)不一樣，但至少我們開始用共同的語言。事實(shí)上，你可以看到很多 政治是在尋找歸屬感。即便是法西斯主義也尋找社群。盡管是一個(gè)令人感到恐懼的社群，每個(gè)人的樣子和衣著都統(tǒng)一，并喊著類似的口號(hào)。

13:10

What we need to create is a community based on bridging networks,not bonding networks.Now a bonding network brings together people from a homogenous group,whereas a bridging network brings together people from different groups.And my belief is that if we createsufficiently rich and vibrant bridging communities,we can thwart the urge for people to burrow into the securityof a homogenous bonding communitydefending themselves against the other.So in summary,our new story could go something like this.

我們需要建立的是 一個(gè)基于橋接網(wǎng)絡(luò)的社群，而非鍵合網(wǎng)絡(luò)。當(dāng)今一個(gè)鍵合網(wǎng)絡(luò) 把同質(zhì)的人組織在一起，而一個(gè)橋接的網(wǎng)絡(luò)則 把不同的群體帶到一起。我的信念是如果我們建立足夠豐富和充滿活力的橋接網(wǎng)絡(luò)，就可以阻止人們鉆入同一個(gè)團(tuán)結(jié)社區(qū)的安全洞中，保護(hù)自己反對(duì)他人的沖動(dòng)。所以總的來說，我們的新故事可能是這樣。

13:51

Disorder afflicts the land!

混亂折磨著大地！

13:53

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

13:54

Caused by the powerful and nefarious forcesof people who say there's no such thing as society,who tell us that our highest purpose in lifeis to fight like stray dogs over a dustbin.But the heroes of the story, us,we'll revolt against this disorder.We will fight those nefarious forces by building rich, engaging,inclusive and generous communities,and, in doing so,we will restore harmony to the land.

是由那些說不存在社會(huì)這東西的強(qiáng)大而邪惡的力量導(dǎo)致的，他們告訴我們說我們最高人生目標(biāo)要像垃圾堆的流浪狗一樣去戰(zhàn)斗。但故事中的英雄，我們，我們將反抗這種混亂。我們將通過建設(shè)豐富、 參與、包容和慷慨的社群來打擊這些邪惡勢(shì)力，因此，我們將恢復(fù)大地的和諧。

14:27

（Applause）

（鼓掌）

14:35

Now whether or not you feel this is the right story,I hope you'll agree that we need one.We need a new restoration story,which is going to guide us out of the mess we're in,which tells us why we're in the mess and tells us how to get out of that mess.And that story, if we tell it right,will infect the minds of people across the political spectrum.

不管你是否覺得這是個(gè)好故事，我希望你會(huì)認(rèn)同 我們需要這樣一種思考。我需要個(gè)新的關(guān)于修復(fù)的故事，這將會(huì)指引我們擺脫 所深陷的困境，它告訴我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)陷入困境 以及如何擺脫困境。這個(gè)故事，如果我們講述得當(dāng)，將會(huì)影響整個(gè)政界的人。

15:01

Our task is to tell the story that lights the path to a better world.

我們的任務(wù)是講述能夠照亮 通向更美好世界之路的故事。

15:07

Thank you.

謝謝。

15:08

（Applause）

（鼓掌）