演講MP3+雙語文稿:蜜蜂如何維持象與人之間的和平

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【演講者及介紹】Lucy King

動物學家露西·金博士負責肯尼亞研究慈善機構“拯救大象”的人類-大象共存計劃。

【演講主題】How bees can keep the peace between elephants and humans 蜜蜂如何維持象與人之間的和平

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者Jiasi Hao 校對者Coco Shen

00:12

Ever since I can remember, African elephants have filled me with a sense of complete awe. They are the largest land mammal alive today on planet Earth, weighing up to seven tons, standing three and a half meters tall at the shoulder. They can eat up to 400 kilos of food in a day, and they disperse vital plant seeds across thousands of kilometers during their 50-to-60-year life span.

自從我能記事以來， 非洲大象始終是一個 令我充滿敬畏之情的存在。 在這顆星球上，它們是 陸地上現(xiàn)存最大的哺乳動物， 體重能達 7 噸， 肩高有 3.5 米。 它們一天可以吃足 400 千克的食物， 而且在它們 50 - 60 年的生命中， 它們要將非常重要的植物種子 散播到千里外的地方。

00:39

Central to their compassionate and complex society are the matriarchs. These female, strong leaders nurture the young and navigate their way through the challenges of the African bush to find food, water and security. Their societies are so complex, we're yet to still fully tease apart how they communicate, how they verbalize to each other, how their dialects work. And we don't really understand yet how they navigate the landscape, remembering the safest places to cross a river.

大象慈悲且復雜的社會核心 是其女族長們。 這些強壯的女性領導 培養(yǎng)年幼的象崽 并且在挑戰(zhàn)重重的非洲樹林中 指導象群去向， 來找尋食物、水，和安全。 它們的社會是如此復雜， 以至于我們還未能夠完全了解 它們是如何溝通的， 它們是如何用語言表達自己的， 它們的語言語調是如何起作用的。 而且我們也還尚未能真正了解 它們是如何導航自己橫跨土地的， 它們是如何記住渡河最安全的位置。

01:09

I'm pretty sure that like me, most of you in this room have a similar positive emotional response to these most magnificent of all animals. It's really hard not to have watched a documentary, learned about their intelligence or, if you've been lucky, to see them for yourselves on safari in the wild. But I wonder how many of you have been truly, utterly terrified by them.

我很確定，在座的各位 面對這最不可思議的動物 有著相似的正面反應。 幾乎大家都看過相關的紀錄片， 了解它們的智力， 或者你足夠幸運， 在野外探險旅行的時候 能夠親眼看到它們。 但我想，你們中間有多少人 有真正地、完全地被它們嚇到過。

01:34

I was lucky to be brought up in Southern Africa by two teacher parents who had long holidays but very short budgets. And so we used to take our old Ford Cortina Estate, and with my sister, we'd pile in the back, take our tents and go camping in the different game reserves in Southern Africa. It really was heaven for a young, budding zoologist like myself.

我很幸運，在南非 被兩個從事教師的父母帶大。 他們有很長的假期， 但很有限的預算。 所以我們經常 開著我們老舊的福特汽車， 和我的姐姐， 我們會一起塞滿后備箱， 帶上帳篷，去南非不同的 野生動物保護區(qū)野營。 對一個年輕并萌芽的動物學家來說， 比如我，這項活動好比天堂。

01:55

But I remember even at that young age that I found the tall electric fences blocking off the game parks quite divisive. Sure, they were keeping elephants out of the communities, but they also kept communities out of their wild spaces. It really was quite a challenge to me at that young age. It was only when I moved to Kenya at the age of 14, when I got to connect to the vast, wild open spaces of East Africa. And it is here now that I feel truly, instinctively, really at home.

但我記得 即便我當時如此年輕， 我已覺得將動物保護區(qū)隔離起來的 高高的電圍欄 比較違和分裂。 當然，電圍欄是為了不讓大象進入社區(qū)， 但它們也把社區(qū)隔離在了 野生世界之外。 這對我來說確實是個挑戰(zhàn)， 尤其在那個年齡。 直到我 14 歲那年搬去肯尼亞， 我接觸到了東非 廣闊的野生開放區(qū)域。 現(xiàn)在，正是這個地方， 讓我有一種 切切實實在家的感覺。

02:27

I spent many, many happy years studying elephant behavior in a tent, in Samburu National Reserve, under the guideship of professor Fritz Vollrath and Iain Douglas-Hamilton, studying for my PhD and understanding the complexities of elephant societies. But now, in my role as head of the human-elephant coexistence program for Save the Elephants, we're seeing so much change happening so fast that it's urged a change in some of our research programs. No longer can we just sit and understand elephant societies or study just how to stop the ivory trade, which is horrific and still ongoing. We're having to change our resources more and more to look at this rising problem of human-elephant conflict, as people and pachyderms compete for space and resources.

我花了很多很多個開心的年頭， 在桑布魯國家保護區(qū)的 一個帳篷里 研究大象的行為。 在弗里茨·弗拉拉斯教授和 伊恩·道格拉斯·漢密爾頓的指導下， 攻讀博士學位 并了解大象社會的復雜性。 但現(xiàn)在，我作為 拯救大象（Save the Elephants）中 人象共存項目的負責人， 我們正在見證 許多正快速發(fā)生的變化， 以至于我們有些研究項目 也被敦促著改變。 我們不再能 僅是坐在那里去理解大象社會， 或僅是研究如何阻止 令人震驚并依舊在進行的 象牙交易。 我們現(xiàn)在需要 更多地改變我們的資源 去看待這個日益嚴峻的問題： 人象矛盾， 在人類和厚皮動物 爭奪空間和資源之際。

03:17

It was only as recently as the 1970s that we used to have 1.2 million elephants roaming across Africa. Today, we're edging closer to only having 400,000 left. And at the same time period, the human population has quadrupled, and the land is being fragmented at such a pace that it's really hard to keep up with. Too often, these migrating elephants end up stuck inside communities, looking for food and water but ending up breaking open water tanks, breaking pipes and, of course, breaking into food stores for food. It's really a huge challenge. Can you imagine the terror of an elephant literally ripping the roof off your mud hut in the middle of the night and having to hold your children away as the trunk reaches in, looking for food in the pitch dark?

只是在 1970 年代， 我們曾經有 120 萬大象 在整個非洲漫步。 如今，現(xiàn)存大象數(shù)量 正直逼僅 40 萬。 在同樣的時間段中， 人口增長了 3 倍， 土地分裂的速度是如此之快， 真的很難跟上。 很經常，那些遷徙的大象 會被困在社區(qū)中， 找尋食物和水， 但卻破壞了公共水箱、 水管， 當然，還有為覓食 而闖進食品店。 這真的是一個很大的挑戰(zhàn)。 你可以想想那種恐懼—— 一頭大象在半夜 掀掉你的土屋屋頂， 或是它們在漆黑夜里尋找食物時 把鼻子伸進了屋里，而不巧 你的孩子們“拐走”的恐懼嗎？

04:06

These elephants also trample and eat crops, and this is traditionally eroding away that tolerance that people used to have for elephants. And sadly, we're losing these animals by the day and, in some countries, by the hour -- to not only ivory poaching but this rapid rise in human-elephant conflict as they compete for space and resources.

這些大象同時踐踏和吃莊稼， 這也就是為什么 人類曾經對大象的容忍 正在逐漸被消磨的 傳統(tǒng)原因。 令人悲傷的是， 我們每天都在失去這些動物， 在有的國家，是每小時—— 不僅因為象牙偷獵， 也是因為 由空間和資源爭奪而起的 日益激增的人象矛盾。

04:28

It's a massive challenge. I mean, how do you keep seven-ton pachyderms, that often come in groups of 10 or 12, out of these very small rural farms when you're dealing with people who are living on the very edge of poverty? They don't have big budgets. How do you resolve this issue?

這是一個巨大挑戰(zhàn)。 我說，你怎么把 7 噸重 并且通常 10 - 12 只成群的 厚皮動物 隔離在規(guī)模很小的 鄉(xiāng)村農場之外？ 尤其當你在和 生活在貧困邊緣的人 打交道的時候？ 他們沒有什么預算。 你怎么解決這個問題？

04:47

Well, one issue is, you can just start to build electric fences, and this is happening across Africa, we're seeing this more and more. But they are dividing up areas and blocking corridors. And I'm telling you, these elephants don't think much of it either, particularly if they're blocking a really special water hole where they need water, or if there's a very attractive female on the other side. It doesn't take long to knock down one of these poles. And as soon as there's a gap in the fence, they go back, talk to their mates and suddenly they're all through, and now you have 12 elephants on the community side of the fence. And now you're really in trouble. People keep trying to come up with new designs for electric fences. Well, these elephants don't think much of those either.

一個問題是， 你可以只是開始建造電圍欄， 整個非洲現(xiàn)在都在這么做， 我們看到越來越多的社區(qū) 采用這樣的“解決方式”。 但是他們正在 劃分區(qū)域、堵塞通道。 我現(xiàn)在告訴你， 這些大象不會思考這么多， 尤其是，如果社區(qū) 堵住一條極為特殊的—— 大象需要在那里涉水—— 的水坑， 或是在過道另一邊， 有一頭很有吸引力的母象。 破壞那些圍欄桿子 并不費勁。 只要圍欄有個空檔缺口， 大象們就會走回去， 告訴它們的同伴， 突然之間，所有的大象 都穿過了圍欄， 于是現(xiàn)在，被圍欄包圍的 社區(qū)內有 12 頭大象。 你現(xiàn)在是真的遇到麻煩了。 關于電圍欄的設計 不斷推陳出新， 然而這些大象， 并不會思考那么多。

05:29

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

05:34

So rather than having these hard-line, straight, electric, really divisive migratory-blocking fences, there must be other ways to look at this challenge. I'm much more interested in holistic and natural methods to keep elephants and people apart where necessary. Simply talking to people, talking to rural pastoralists in northern Kenya who have so much knowledge about the bush, we discovered this story that they had that elephants would not feed on trees that had wild beehives in them. Now this was an interesting story. As the elephants were foraging on the tree, they would break branches and perhaps break open a wild beehive. And those bees would fly out of their natural nests and sting the elephants.

所以除了使用這些 強硬的、直接的、帶電流的， 十分具有分裂性的 防遷移圍欄之外， 一定還有其他的方法 來克服這個挑戰(zhàn)。 為了在必要時候 能把人和大象分開， 我對整體和自然的解決方案 更感興趣。 只是與人們交談， 和肯尼亞北部的 有著豐富灌木知識的 鄉(xiāng)村牧民交談， 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)牧民口中的大象 不會以 有著野生蜂巢的樹木為食。 這是一個很有意思的故事。 當大象在樹上覓食時， 它們會折斷樹枝 也可能會破開野蜂窩。 于是這些蜜蜂 會飛出它們的自然巢穴 并且蜇大象。

06:17

Now if the elephants got stung, perhaps they would remember that this tree was dangerous and they wouldn't come back to that same site. It seems impossible that they could be stung through their thick skin -- elephant skin is around two centimeters thick. But it seems that they sting them around the watery areas, around the eyes, behind the ears, in the mouth, up the trunk. You can imagine they would remember that very quickly. And it's not really one sting that they're scared of. African bees have a phenomenal ability: when they sting in one site, they release a pheromone that triggers the rest of the bees to come and sting the same site. So it's not one beesting that they're scared of -- it's perhaps thousands of beestings, coming to sting in the same area -- that they're afraid of. And of course, a good matriarch would always keep her young away from such a threat. Young calves have much thinner skins, and it's potential that they could be stung through their thinner skins.

如果大象被蜜蜂叮了， 它們可能會記住 這棵樹是危險的 并且再也不會回到這個地方。 刺穿大象厚厚的皮膚 看似不可能—— 大象皮膚大約有 2 厘米厚。 但是蜜蜂蜇大象， 似乎都是在水域附近、 眼部周圍、耳朵后方、 嘴巴里面，象鼻上方。 你能想象大象會很快記住 這個“被?！钡捏w驗。 而且讓它們害怕的 不僅是一次叮咬。 非洲蜜蜂有一個驚人的能力： 當它們叮咬某一處時， 會釋放一種 能夠吸引其他蜜蜂 來同處叮咬的信息素。 所以大象害怕的 不是被一只蜜蜂蜇—— 可能是上千的蜜蜂 前來叮咬同一個地方—— 這是它們所害怕的。 當然，一個優(yōu)秀的女族長 一直都會保護小象， 讓它們免受如此的威脅。 幼崽們的皮膚薄得多， 它們被叮的話， 很有可能會刺穿它們 較薄的皮膚。

07:10

So for my PhD, I had this unusual challenge of trying to work out how African elephants and African bees would interact, when the theory was that they wouldn't interact at all. How was I going to study this? Well, what I did was I took the sound of disturbed African honey bees, and I played it back to elephants resting under trees through a wireless speaker system, so I could understand how they would react as if there were wild bees in the area. And it turns out that they react quite dramatically to the sound of African wild bees. Here we are, playing the bee sounds back to this amazing group of elephants. You can see the ears going up, going out, they're turning their heads from side to side, one elephant is flicking her trunk to try and smell. There's another elephant that kicks one of calves on the ground to tell it to get up as if there is a threat. And one elephant triggers a retreat, and soon the whole family of elephants are running after her across the savannah in a cloud of dust.

所以，我的博士學位 有著不同尋常的挑戰(zhàn)—— 在非洲大象和非洲蜜蜂 毫無互動的理論背景下， 嘗試找到它們的相互作用機制。 我要怎么進行這項研究？ 我做的一件事，是拿著 被擾亂的非洲蜜蜂的音帶， 跑到在樹下休息的大象耳邊 利用無線揚聲器系統(tǒng) 播放此音帶， 來了解假設這塊區(qū)域有野生蜜蜂， 大象會如何反應。 結果是，這些大象對 非洲蜜蜂的聲音 反應很大。 我們看看，重復在這群大象耳邊 播放蜜蜂的音帶。 你可以看到它們的耳朵豎了起來， 它們在左右搖晃腦袋， 一頭大象在甩動鼻子 嘗試著聞氣味。 還有一頭大象 踢了一下地上的一頭幼崽， 告訴它快站起來， 宛如威脅正在逼近。 之后一頭大象發(fā)出撤退指令， 很快整個大象家族 都跟著它撤退， 在塵埃中穿越稀樹大草原。

08:13

(Sound of bees buzzing)

（蜜蜂嗡嗡叫聲）

08:20

(Sound of bees ends)

（蜜蜂嗡嗡叫聲）

08:21

Now I've done this experiment many, many times, and the elephants almost always flee. Not only do they run away, but they dust themselves as they're running, as if to knock bees out of the air. And we placed infrasonic microphones around the elephants as we did these experiments. And it turns out they're communicating to each other in infrasonic rumbles to warn each other of the threat of bees and to stay away from the area.

我已經做過這個實驗好幾次了， 大象幾乎每次都會逃跑。 它們不僅會逃跑， 而且會在逃跑的時候 用塵土弄臟自己， 好像想要把蜜蜂 從自己的身上拍掉。 在進行這些實驗時， 我們把次聲傳聲器 放置在大象周圍。 后來發(fā)現(xiàn)它們在次聲波段 隆隆低語地交流 來警告彼此蜜蜂的威脅 并且遠離蜜蜂所在區(qū)域。

08:49

So these behavioral discoveries really helped us understand how elephants would react should they hear or see bee sounds. This led me to invent a novel design for a beehive fence, which we are now building around small, one-to-two-acre farms on the most vulnerable frontline areas of Africa where humans and elephants are competing for space. These beehive fences are very, very simple. We use 12 beehives and 12 dummy hives to protect one acre of farmland. Now a dummy hive is simply a piece of plywood which we cut into squares, paint yellow and hang in between the hives. We're basically tricking the elephants into thinking there are more beehives than there really are. And of course, it literally halves the cost of the fence. So there's a hive and a dummy hive and a beehive and now dummy hive, every 10 meters around the outside boundary. They're held up by posts with a shade roof to protect the bees, and they're interconnected with a simple piece of plain wire, which goes all the way around, connecting the hives.所以這些行為的發(fā)現(xiàn) 確實幫助我們了解了 大象在被蜜蜂聲音包圍的時候 會做出怎樣的反應。 這啟發(fā)我發(fā)明了一種新穎的 圍欄設計——蜂巢圍欄。 我們現(xiàn)在正在非洲最脆弱的、 人象空間爭奪嚴重的 前線地區(qū)， 圍繞著 1 - 2 英畝的小農場 建造這樣的圍欄。 這些蜂巢圍欄非常非常簡單。 我們用 12 個蜂巢 和 12 個假蜂巢 來保護 1 英畝的農田。 一個假蜂巢只是一塊 被切成正方形、涂成黃色， 并且懸掛在蜂巢間的膠合板。 我們基本上是在捉弄大象， 希望它們認為這里 有比實際數(shù)量更多的蜂巢。 當然，這能削減圍欄一半的成本。 所以是一個真一個假， 再一個真，再一個假蜂巢， 每隔 10 米，放在圍欄之外。 這些蜂巢被 帶有遮陽棚頂?shù)闹铀危?以保護蜜蜂， 用一根鋼絲把它們連接起來， 串聯(lián)整圈的蜂巢。

09:46

So if an elephant tries to enter the farm, he will avoid the beehive at all cost, but he might try and push through between the hive and the dummy hive, causing all the beehives to swing as the wire hits his chest. And as we know from our research work, this will cause the elephants to flee and run away -- and hopefully remember not to come back to that risky area. The bees swarm out of the hive, and they really scare the elephants away.

如果一頭大象嘗試著進入農場， 它將會不遺余力地避開蜂巢， 但是它可能會嘗試 從真假蜂巢的間隙處通過， 當它的胸部觸碰到鋼絲時， 所有蜂巢會同時晃動。 而且根據(jù)我們的研究， 我們知道 大象會因此逃跑—— 希望它們會記得 不要再回到這塊危險的區(qū)域。 蜜蜂從蜂巢中涌出， 它們真的能把大象們嚇走。

10:10

These beehive fences we're studying using things like camera traps to help us understand how elephants are responding to them at night time, which is when most of the crop raiding occurs. And we found in our study farms that we're keeping up to 80 percent of elephants outside of the boundaries of these farms. And the bees and the beehive fences are also pollinating the fields. So we're having a great reduction both in elephant crop raids and a boost in yield through the pollination services that the bees are giving to the crops themselves.

我們使用相機陷阱等技術 在研究這些蜂巢圍欄， 來幫助我們理解 大象在夜間碰到圍欄 會有何反應。 夜間是大多數(shù)農作物 被侵襲的時候。 而且在我們進行研究的農場中， 我們發(fā)現(xiàn) 我們正把高達 80% 的大象 隔離在這些農場邊界外。 這些蜜蜂和蜂巢圍欄 也同時在給土地傳授花粉。 所以我們的設計同時 減少了大象對農作物的侵襲， 并且通過蜜蜂給農作物授粉， 刺激了農場產量。

10:42

The strength of the beehive fences is really important -- the colonies have to be very strong. So we're trying to help farmers grow pollinator-friendly crops to boost their hives, boost the strength of their bees and, of course, produce the most amazing honey. This honey is so valuable as an extra livelihood income for the farmers. It's a healthy alternative to sugar, and in our community, it's a very valuable present to give a mother-in-law, which makes it almost priceless.

蜂巢圍欄的強度很重要—— 蜂群需要非常強健。 所以我們正在嘗試 幫助農民種植授粉友好的作物， 來加強加固它們的蜂巢， 增強蜜蜂的力量， 當然，還有生產最佳的蜂蜜。 作為農民額外的生計收入， 這個蜂蜜是如此寶貴。 這是糖的健康替代品， 而且在我們社區(qū)， 蜂蜜是一個給岳母/婆婆 非常珍貴的禮物， 這幾乎是無價之寶。

11:09

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

11:11

We now bottle up this honey, and we've called this wild beautiful honey Elephant-Friendly Honey. It is a fun name, but it also attracts attention to our project and helps people understand what we're trying to do to save elephants. We're working now with so many women in over 60 human-elephant conflict sites in 19 countries in Africa and Asia to build these beehive fences, working very, very closely with so many farmers but particularly now with women farmers, helping them to live better in harmony with elephants.

我們現(xiàn)在將這蜂蜜 密封到瓶中， 我們把這野生美麗的蜂蜜 稱之為大象友好蜂蜜。 這是一個風趣的名字， 但也吸引了 不少人對我們項目的關注 并且?guī)椭藗兞私?我們正在嘗試做的事情—— 拯救大象。 我們現(xiàn)在和許多女性合作， 在非洲和亞洲的 19 個國家， 60 余存在人象矛盾的地點 建造這些蜂巢圍欄， 非常緊密地和許多農民協(xié)作， 主要是女性農民， 在幫助她們建立一個 與大象和平共處的生活。

11:41

One of the things we're trying to do is develop a toolbox of options to live in better harmony with these massive pachyderms. One of those issues is to try and get farmers, and women in particular, to think different about what they're planting inside their farms as well. So we're looking at planting crops that elephants don't particularly want to eat, like chillies, ginger, Moringa, sunflowers. And of course, the bees and the beehive fences love these crops too, because they have beautiful flowers. One of these plants is a spiky plant called sisal -- you may know this here as jute. And this amazing plant can be stripped down and turned into a weaving product.

我們在做的一件事 就是開發(fā)一個選項工具箱 使人們能更好地 和這些巨型厚皮動物和諧相處。 其中的一個問題 就是讓農民加入我們的行列， 尤其是女性， 從不同角度思考 他們正在自己的農場中 種著什么作物。 所以我們尋找一種 大象通常不會想要吃的作物， 例如辣椒、姜、辣木， 和向日葵。 當然，蜜蜂和蜂巢圍欄 也非常喜愛這些作物， 因為這些作物會長出美麗的花。 其中的一種帶刺的植物， 名為劍麻—— 你可能知道 它的“黃麻布料”身份。 這種奇妙的植物可以砍下來 制成織物。

12:16

We're working with these amazing women now who live daily with the challenges of elephants to use this plant to weave into baskets to provide an alternative income for them. We've just started construction only three weeks ago on a women's enterprise center where we're going to be working with these women not only as expert beekeepers but as amazing basket weavers; they're going to be processing chili oils, sunflower oils, making lip balms and honey, and we're somewhere on our way to helping these participating farmers live with better eco-generating projects that live and work better with living with elephants.

我們正在 在和這些優(yōu)秀的女性合作。 她們每天的生活 都受到了大象的挑戰(zhàn)， 現(xiàn)在她們用這種植物 編織成籃筐 作為她們的一種替代收入。 我們在 3 周前 在女性企業(yè)中心 剛剛開始動工。 在那里， 我們將要和這些女性協(xié)作， 不僅作為專業(yè)養(yǎng)蜂人， 還作為技藝精湛的籃筐編織者； 她們將會生產 辣椒油、葵花籽油， 制造潤唇膏和蜂蜜， 而我們也在幫助這些 參與項目的農民 打造生態(tài)驅動項目， 以至于他們和大象共存的同時， 能過上更好的生活， 做更好的工作。

12:52

So whether it's matriarchs or mothers or researchers like myself, I do see more women coming to the forefront now to think differently and more boldly about the challenges that we face. With more innovation, and perhaps with some more empathy towards each other, I do believe we can move from a state of conflict with elephants to true coexistence.

所以不論是女族長， 母親，或是像我這樣的研究人員， 我確實看到更多的女性到前線來 為我們面對的挑戰(zhàn) 提供更加不同且大膽的想法。 隨著更多的創(chuàng)新， 可能還有 對彼此更多的一些共鳴， 我確實相信我們可以 從一個人象矛盾之國 轉變?yōu)?可以真正人象共存的國家。

13:15

Thank you.

謝謝。

13:16

(Applause)

（掌聲）