J·K·羅琳：不要再給孤兒院捐錢了好么？

J·K·羅琳建立慈善組織來幫助全球生活在孤兒院的數(shù)百萬兒童，同時(shí)她卻不建議捐錢給孤兒院。

Some years ago, JK Rowling set up a charity, Lumos, to fight for the millions of children across the world living in orphanages.And while you might have thought she would be campaigning for funds for these institutions, that is not the case.Instead, Rowling believes that something has gone badly wrong with the way that well-meaning westerners do “charity”—and, in particular, give money to orphanages.

幾年前，J·K·羅琳成立了一個(gè)慈善組織Lumos，致力于幫助全球生活在孤兒院的數(shù)百萬兒童。你可能會(huì)猜，她要為這些孤兒院募捐。事實(shí)并非如此。她認(rèn)為，好心的西方人做“慈善”的方式、特別是給孤兒院捐款是大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)的。

In recent years, aid money has flooded from the US and Europe into orphanages in places such as India, Brazil, Romania and Haiti, often following tragic events highlighted in the media.Rowling estimates, for example, that Americans have given $100m to Haitian orphanages alone since the country was hit by a series of natural disasters.This sounds worthy, and, of course, donations are made with the best of intentions but Rowling insists that they are doing more harm than good.

近些年，來自美國和歐洲的援助資金大量涌入印度、巴西、羅馬尼亞和海地等國的孤兒院，通常是在媒體大肆報(bào)道某起悲慘事件之后。例如，羅琳估計(jì)，自從海地遭受一系列自然災(zāi)害以來，美國人已向海地孤兒院捐款1億美元。這聽上去很有意義，當(dāng)然，這些捐款也是出于好心，但羅琳?qǐng)?jiān)持表示，這種做法弊大于利。

Orphanages, she argues, are rarely “good” for children：at best, they leave them bereft of family ties; at worst, they promote abuse, neglect and trafficking.Precisely because orphanages have such a mixed track record, governments in the US and Europe have been shutting them down since the 1950s—preferring to place orphans with foster families instead.

她認(rèn)為，孤兒院很少是對(duì)兒童“有利的”：往輕了說，它們讓孩子與家人斷了聯(lián)系；最壞的是它們會(huì)助長虐待兒童、對(duì)兒童疏于照顧以及人口販賣行為。正是因?yàn)楣聝涸哼@種有利有弊的情況，美國和歐洲國家的政府自上世紀(jì)50年代以來一直在關(guān)閉孤兒院，傾向于把孤兒交給收養(yǎng)家庭。

But the bitter irony of the aid game today is that even as western governments have been closing orphanages at home, their aid programmes have been encouraging them to flourish in developing countries.Indeed, the more aid that flows into “poor” orphanages, the bigger they become—partly because an entire ecosystem is now directing vulnerable children there.In Cambodia, for example, the population of orphanages jumped 75 per cent between 2005 and 2011 as donor money poured in, according to a UN report.In Haiti, the increase has been even more dramatic, with numbers living in orphanages rising sevenfold, to 32,000.

然而，如今有關(guān)援助行為的一大諷刺是在西方政府關(guān)閉本國的孤兒院時(shí)，它們的援助計(jì)劃卻在鼓勵(lì)孤兒院在發(fā)展中國家蓬勃發(fā)展。實(shí)際上，流入“貧困”孤兒院的援助資金越多，這類孤兒院的規(guī)模就變得越大，部分原因是整個(gè)體系正將處境悲慘的兒童引導(dǎo)向孤兒院。例如，在柬埔寨，根據(jù)聯(lián)合國（UN）的一份報(bào)告，隨著捐贈(zèng)資金的涌入，2005年至2011年孤兒數(shù)量大增75%。在海地，增幅更為明顯，孤兒院的孤兒數(shù)量增長了7倍，達(dá)到3.2萬人。

And the really cruel rub is that many of the eight million children currently living in orphanages are not true orphans at all：studies by Save the Children suggest that about 80 per cent have a living parent.Instead, they are being pushed into institutions because their families are desperately poor—and because the explosion of the aid “business” has created a momentum （and false incentives） all of its own.

真正殘酷的是，在如今生活在孤兒院里的800萬名兒童中，有很多根本不是真正的孤兒。拯救兒童組織（Save the Children）的研究顯示，約80%是至少有一方父母在世的。他們被塞進(jìn)孤兒院的一部分原因是他們的家庭非常貧困，同時(shí)援助“事業(yè)”的爆炸性發(fā)展也起到了推動(dòng)作用（提供了錯(cuò)誤的激勵(lì)）。

此結(jié)論是經(jīng)過Lumos多年調(diào)研得出，英國獨(dú)立報(bào)（The Independent）也支持這個(gè)結(jié)論。

According to the data, 90 per cent of the eight million children in institutions worldwide are not orphans and have families at home which want to care for them but cannot because they are pushed into institutions because of poverty and discrimination on the basis of disability or ethnicity.

從統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來看，在全球孤兒院中的800萬兒童中，90%都不是孤兒，他們有自己的家庭，家人想照顧他們，可是卻因?yàn)樨毨?、?duì)殘疾和種族的歧視等原因不得不把他們送入孤兒院。

FT記者提出疑問，羅琳的這些努力有用么？

“Americans are amazingly generous,” Rowling told a crowd of wealthy New Yorkers, at the premiere of her film at Carnegie Hall.“But please don't give money to orphanages …and don't go and volunteer to work at one.” Instead, she wants donations to “community-based” initiatives that help poor families to keep their children or find foster families.

羅琳在她的電影在卡內(nèi)基音樂廳（Carnegie Hall）的首映式上告訴在場(chǎng)的紐約富人們：“美國人非?？犊?。但請(qǐng)不要捐錢給孤兒院了……不要去孤兒院做志愿工作了?！彼Ｍ藗兙杩罱o一些“以社區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)”（community-based）的公益計(jì)劃，這些計(jì)劃幫助貧困家庭養(yǎng)育自己的孩子或找到收養(yǎng)家庭。

Can this work? Not easily—or rapidly, alas.One reason why western aid has flooded into orphanages in recent years is that these institutions can be monitored.Giving to a “community” is more opaque and diffuse.And the sad reality is that even if all orphanages were closed tomorrow, life would still be grim for many poor children; street life is hellish in places such as India or Brazil.

這有用嗎？唉，不容易，也不會(huì)很快見效。近年西方援助資金大量涌入孤兒院的一個(gè)原因是孤兒院可以被監(jiān)督。捐款給“社區(qū)”則不透明且分散。一個(gè)令人遺憾的事實(shí)是即便所有的孤兒院明天都關(guān)閉，對(duì)于很多貧困孩子來說，生活仍然是灰暗的；在印度或巴西等國，流浪街頭是很可怕的。

But Lumos is making some progress：it estimates that $500m of donor funds has already been redirected away from orphanages.And, if nothing else, Rowling deserves credit for using her pulpit—and Potter fame—to change attitudes.

不過Lumos正在取得一些進(jìn)展：該組織估計(jì)，有5億美元資金的捐贈(zèng)對(duì)象已從孤兒院轉(zhuǎn)向別處。而且，拋開別的不說，羅琳利用她的講臺(tái)——以及哈利·波特（Potter）的名聲——改變?nèi)藗兊膽B(tài)度也是值得稱道的。

同時(shí)J·K·羅琳也在Twitter上發(fā)推表示：自己非常不支持到孤兒院做志愿的活動(dòng)。

我發(fā)的推文經(jīng)常是關(guān)于我建立的慈善組織@Lumos的。剛剛有人請(qǐng)我轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)一條另一個(gè)慈善組織的倡議。

該慈善組織提供在貧窮國家的孤兒院做志愿的平臺(tái)。但是@Lumos是不支持這種志愿旅游活動(dòng)的。

她繼續(xù)說：“志愿旅游業(yè)在很多貧窮國家推動(dòng)了家庭的破裂，這個(gè)行業(yè)使得孤兒院成為商業(yè)場(chǎng)所?！?/p>

△以上圖片來自J.K.Rowling Twitter截圖

FT記者吉蓮·邰蒂表示：從孤兒院以小見大，整個(gè)慈善業(yè)也要避免誤入歧途。

Indeed, I would argue the lesson needs to be broadened.These days, most Americans take it for granted that philanthropy is a good thing, since giving is baked into popular American culture （and encouraged with tax breaks）.But, as with the orphanage issue, there are a host of studies emerging that show how aid can distort economies or concentrate power in the hands of an elite.

實(shí)際上，我認(rèn)為孤兒院這種事上的教訓(xùn)適用于更大的范圍。如今多數(shù)美國人想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為，慈善是好事，因?yàn)榫栀?zèng)已融入美國大眾文化（并得到稅收優(yōu)惠的鼓勵(lì)）。然而，就如孤兒院問題一樣，現(xiàn)在有很多研究顯示，援助可能會(huì)扭曲經(jīng)濟(jì)或?qū)е聶?quán)力集中到精英手中。

Don't get me wrong：I am not trying to stop generosity or philanthropy.But what is needed is a clear evaluation—and debate—about the cost and benefits of the aid business and its current structure.That is hard to do since the topic tends to be so emotive and guilt-laden.But if anyone can succeed, it is Rowling—the woman who taught the world to become passionate about a wizarding orphan but who is now trying to consign orphanages to fairy tales.

不要誤會(huì)我的意思：我并不是要阻止樂善好施之舉。但我們需要對(duì)援助事業(yè)的成本和效益及其目前的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行清晰的評(píng)估并展開相關(guān)辯論。這很難，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)話題往往帶有很強(qiáng)的感情色彩而且讓人心懷內(nèi)疚。但如果有人能做到的話，那就是羅琳，她教世人去喜歡一個(gè)會(huì)魔法的孤兒，她現(xiàn)在正試圖將孤兒院封存在童話故事中。

詞匯總結(jié)

orphanage[??:f?n?d?]

n.孤兒院;孤兒身份

In recent years, aid money has flooded from the US and Europe into orphanages in places such as India, Brazil, Romania and Haiti, often following tragic events highlighted in the media.

近些年，來自美國和歐洲的援助資金大量涌入印度、巴西、羅馬尼亞和海地等國的孤兒院，通常是在媒體大肆報(bào)道某起悲慘事件之后。

Ethnicity[eθ?n?s?ti]

n.種族地位，種族特點(diǎn)，種族淵源

According to the data, 90 per cent of the eight million children in institutions worldwide are not orphans and have families at home which want to care for them but cannot because they are pushed into institutions because of poverty and discrimination on the basis of disability or ethnicity.

從統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來看，在全球孤兒院中的800萬兒童中，90%都不是孤兒，他們有自己的家庭，家人想照顧他們，可是卻因?yàn)樨毨А?duì)殘疾和種族的歧視等原因不得不把他們送入孤兒院。

hellish[?hel??]

adj.很壞的，很討厭的

adv.很壞地，很討厭地

And the sad reality is that even if all orphanages were closed tomorrow, life would still be grim for many poor children; street life is hellish in places such as India or Brazil.

一個(gè)令人遺憾的事實(shí)是即便所有的孤兒院明天都關(guān)閉，對(duì)于很多貧困孩子來說，生活仍然是灰暗的；在印度或巴西等國，流浪街頭是很可怕的。