67　非真實條件虛擬語氣句　Track65

（1）三種基本虛擬形態(tài)
非真實條件虛擬句，顧名思義，它是用來描述說話人想象的、非真實的情景的，這些情景通常是不可能發(fā)生的，與客觀實際相反的，或發(fā)生可能性極小，只表示說話者的一種主觀愿望、假想和建議等。它可以對現(xiàn)在、過去、將來的事實進行虛擬，主句和if從句中的謂語動詞形式列表如下：
虛擬語氣的三種基本形態(tài)

 
1）與現(xiàn)在事實相反
a.If I could rearrange the alphabet, I 'd put U and I together.
b.If I had enough money, I would run a company of my own.
c.If all difficulties were known at the outset of a long journey, most of us would never start out at all.
d.I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.
我常常想：如果每一個人在他生活早期都要遭受幾天的眼睛失明，耳朵失聰，那該是多么幸福啊！黑暗會使他更加珍惜視覺；寂靜無聲能教會他欣賞聲音的美妙。
If I were the president of a university I should establish a compulsory course in "How to Use Your Eyes". The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them. He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.
如果我是一名大學(xué)校長的話，我會開設(shè)一門“如何用眼”的必修課。教授將向他的學(xué)生講授，怎樣通過真正觀看那些發(fā)生在眼前的但過去卻從未注意到的事物，從而給他們的生活增添樂趣。他將喚醒學(xué)生們遲鈍、麻木的感官功能。
Suppose you set your mind to work on the problem of how you would use your own eyes if you had only three more days to see. If with the oncoming darkness of the third night you knew that the sun would never rise for you again, how would you spend those three precious intervening days? What would you most want to let your gaze rest upon?
設(shè)想你在思考這樣一個問題：假如你只有三天的視力，你該如何使用自己的眼睛。假如在第三天晚上隨著黑暗的降臨，你知道明天太陽不再會為你升起，你將如何度過這寶貴的三天？你最想讓你的目光凝視在什么上面？
注：以上選自美國聾盲女作家、教育家海倫·凱勒（Helen Keller）的文章《假如給我三天光明》（Three Days to See ）。兩歲時一場大病奪去了海倫的聽力和視力。之后她受業(yè)于莎莉文（Anne Sullivan Macy）女士。1904年以優(yōu)異成績畢業(yè)于劍橋拉德克里夫?qū)W院。她終生致力于聾啞人和盲人的公共救助事業(yè)。
2）與過去事實相反
a.If you had invited Wealth or Success, the other two of us would've stayed out, but since you invited Love, wherever he goes, we go with him. Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and Success!
你剛才若是邀請了“財富”或是“成功”兩人，那我們其他兩人就會留在外面。但是既然你已經(jīng)邀請了“愛”，那么他去哪兒，我們也跟著去哪兒，因為只要有愛，就會有財富和成功！
b.You would have missed the train if you had not hurried .
c.If the flowers had been planted earlier, they would have been in bloom for the garden party last week.
d."Do you love me?—Yes. Do you really, really love me?—Yes." It was a question that has been posed to many a lover. But Stephanie Powell had a special reason for asking her boyfriend if he loved her. Because Stephanie had just won $7 million on the lottery and wanted to make sure of Wayne's devotion before she told him the good news. "If he had known about the win I would never have known whether it was me or the money he would want to stay with," she said, "I don't know what I would have done if he hadn't answered yes. I love him and want to enjoy spending the money with him.”
“你愛我嗎？——愛。你是不是真正地愛我？——是的。”這樣的問題許多愛人相互之間都問過。但是斯蒂芬妮·鮑威爾問她的男朋友是否愛她時，卻是因為有特別的原因。因為她剛剛中了700萬美元的彩票。她想先證實韋恩對她的忠心，然后再告訴他這一喜訊。“如果他事先知道我獲大獎，那我就再也沒有機會知道他愛的是我還是錢，”她說道，“他當(dāng)時如果沒有回答說愛我，我真不知道該怎么辦。我愛他，并想和他一起分享這筆巨款。”
e.It would have been just as satisfactory if I_________at home. I learned nothing in class.
A. had stayed
B. stayed
C. was staying
D. would stay
正確答案：A。
f.If the whole operation_________beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
A. was not planned
B. has not been planned
C. had not been planned
D. were not planned
正確答案：C。
3）與將來事實相反
a.If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.
b.If he were to come here, how would you tell him about this?
c.Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the value of life.
我時常會想，如果我們能以明天就要告別這個世界的態(tài)度來度過每一天的話，那一定是極好的，因為這種心態(tài)會讓每一個人珍視生命的意義。
（2）混合時間虛擬語氣句
前面介紹的三種基本形態(tài)的虛擬語氣，其中if 從句中謂語動詞表示的動作與主句謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間是一致的，即同為現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)??？墒钱?dāng)二者動作發(fā)生的時間不一致時，主句和從句各自的謂語形式要根據(jù)它們動作發(fā)生的時間按照上述原則作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。常見的混合時間是 從句表示過去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。
a.If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today .
had not studied是對過去的事實進行虛擬，would never be是對現(xiàn)在的事實進行虛擬。
b.If they had invested in that stock, they might be wealthy now .
c.A: I don't like my mother-in-law.
B: Listen, don't you realize that you couldn't have your wife if it hadn't been for your mother-in-law?
A: Yes, that's why I don't like her.
d.If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now .
e.If he had studied English two years ago , he might have a chance of going abroad for further study now .
f.Luciano Pavarotti said, "If I hadn't listened to my father, I would never be here today .”
g.W: What an accident! If you had been careful, things would not be as they are.
M: What do you mean, it was my fault? If it were , surely I would take all responsibility for it.
（3）倒裝虛擬語氣句
當(dāng)if條件句中有助動詞should，had或were時，則可以省去if，而將should，had 或 were置于句首，從而構(gòu)成倒裝虛擬語氣句，意義不變。
a. Had he not been promoted , he would never have remained with the company. = If he had not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.
b. Should I win the lottery, I would buy a car. = If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.
c. Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday. = If he were to leave today, he would get there by Monday.
d. Were he to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem. = If he were to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.
e. Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. = If you should change your mind, no one would blame you.
f. Had such a disaster occurred , the damage would have been incalculable. = If such a disaster had occurred , the damage would have been incalculable.
g. ______to the doctor right away, he might be alive today.
A. If he went
B. Had he gone
C. Were he gone
D. Should he have gone
正確答案：B。
h. ______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A. Had they arrived
B. Were they arriving
C. Would they arrive
D. Were they to arrive
正確答案：D。
（4）含蓄虛擬語氣句
我們前面討論的虛擬語氣句都含有虛擬的條件從句。含蓄虛擬語氣句是指沒有完整的條件從句，但在上下文隱含了虛擬條件的意味。隱含的條件意味可以通過下列方式表達：
1）介詞或介詞短語
a.What would I have done without you ?= What would I have done if I had not been with you ?　當(dāng)時若沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？
b. In his position , I would commit myself. = If I were in his position , I would commit myself.
c.Anyone in his position would have done it like that.
d. Before liberation , such floods would have caused terrible disaster. = If they had happened before liberation , such floods would have caused terrible disaster.
e. But for their help, I would not have finished the task. = If it had not been for their help, I would not have finished the task.
f. But for the sun, there could be no life on earth. = If it were not for the sun, there could be no life on earth.
g. But that the doctor arrived on time that day（沒有用虛擬）, they would have been dead. = If the doctor had not arrived on time that day, they would have been dead.
h. But that he needed money desperately, he would never have turned to his brother for help.
i. ______the fog, we should have reached the destination and accomplished the task.
A. But for
B. In case of
C. Because of
D. If not
正確答案：A。
j.Without your help, we_________so much.
A. will not achieve
B. don't achieve
C. didn't achieve
D. would not have achieved
正確答案：D。
注意：but for或but that意為“若不是……”。
①but for + 名詞短語
②but that + 從句（謂語動詞用陳述語氣，如g, h句）。
③ 可表示對過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼奶摂M。
④表示對現(xiàn)在、將來的虛擬，but for相當(dāng)于If it were not for...（如f句）；表示對過去的虛擬，but for相當(dāng)于 If it had not been for...（如e句）。其中介詞for 不能省，如下句：
k. ______the sun, there could be no life on earth.
A. Were it not for
B. If it were not
C. Were it not
D. But that
正確答案：A。
2）分詞短語
a. Given more time , I would have been able to finish the test.
= If I had been given more time , I would have been able to finish the test.
b.This same thing, happening in wartime , would amount to disaster.
= This same thing, if it happened in wartime , would amount to disaster.　同樣的事，如果發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時，就會釀成大禍。
3）通過上下文來暗示條件
a. We would have won the game. (if something unexpected had not happened)
b.A: Have you done anything online that you wouldn't have done in person?
B: Yes, obviously people are bolder and more outgoing on the Internet when they don't have to deal with the consequences of their actions.
A: 在網(wǎng)上你曾做過現(xiàn)實中你不會去做的事嗎？
B: 做過呀。很顯然，當(dāng)人們在網(wǎng)上的時候，他們無須考慮他們的行為后果，也就比平時更大膽，更放得開。
c.One day a bank ATM gave me an extra $20, so I returned the money to a teller. I asked some of my professors and classmates in my moral-issues class what they would have done . Many conceded they would have kept the money, but my philosophy professor quipped, " I'd have tried the machine again!"
（5）跳層虛擬語氣句
這是一類較為特殊的虛擬語氣句。這類句子一般分為兩部分，兩部分在語氣上截然相反，一部分虛擬，另一部分不虛擬，而用的是陳述語氣，用以陳述事實。它們二者往往由but，or，or else或otherwise來連接。正是因為這種虛擬和不虛擬兼而有之，一部分虛擬，一部分又跳出虛擬的圈子，故而得此名。
1）虛擬語氣句+ but +陳述句
a.He would put on weight, but he doesn't eat much.（不用didn't）
= If he ate much, he would put on weight.
b.He could not have bought that limousine, but he inherited a big fortune from his father.= If he had not inherited a big fortune from his father, he could not have bought that limousine.
c.I would have gone to visit him in the hospital, had it been at all possible, but I_________fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were
B. had been
C. have been
D. was
正確答案：D。
d.Some women_________a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. must make
B. should have made
C. would make
D. could have made
正確答案：D。
從上面的例句我們可以總結(jié)出以下規(guī)律：
① 主語+ would do，but +主語+一般現(xiàn)在時謂語形式→表示對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬。
② 主語+ would have done，but +主語+一般過去時謂語形式→表示對過去事實的虛擬。當(dāng)然，句中的would根據(jù)不同情態(tài)可換成should，might或could。我們也可以看出這類跳層虛擬語氣句的關(guān)鍵標(biāo)志詞是but，隨著but一轉(zhuǎn)折，句子的語氣也由虛擬變?yōu)椴惶摂M，即but將句子一分為二，but前面的句子用虛擬語氣，but后面的句子用陳述語氣。
2）陳述句+ or else +虛擬語氣句
a.I didn't know the extent of his difficulty, or else I would have promised to help him.
b.I forget where I read the article, or I would show it to you now.
= If I remembered where I read the article, I would show it to you now.
c.Mary couldn't have received my letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.
d.He must have had an accident, or he_________then.
A. would have been here
B. should be here
C. had to be here
D. would be there
正確答案：A。
e.We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we_________him.
A. would have telephoned
B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone
D. had telephoned
正確答案：A。
這類跳層虛擬語氣句和上述but連接的跳層虛擬語氣句有所不同。此處是由or，or else或otherwise將句子一分為二，且前后分句的語氣正好與上述but連接的虛擬語氣句相反。我們看到or（or else，otherwise）前面的句子用的是陳述語氣，而后面的句子用的是虛擬語氣。也就是：
① 主語+一般現(xiàn)在時謂語形式，or +主語+ would do→表示對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬。
② 主語+一般過去時謂語形式，or +主語+ would have done→表示對過去事實的虛擬。