盡管有些語法書已不再區(qū)分現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞,而是把二者統(tǒng)稱為-ing形式,但二者在用法上還是存在著明顯的區(qū)別。
(1)二者在句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植煌耆粯印?/strong>
前文說過,兩種-ing詞性是不同的:
1)動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞和名詞的結(jié)合體。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞是動(dòng)詞和形容詞或副詞的結(jié)合體。
兩者能夠充當(dāng)?shù)某煞钟校?/div>
因此,在句中作主語、賓語的-ing形式應(yīng)該屬于動(dòng)名詞(這是動(dòng)名詞的名詞性質(zhì)的體現(xiàn));作狀語、補(bǔ)足語的-ing形式應(yīng)該屬于現(xiàn)在分詞(這是現(xiàn)在分詞副詞和形容詞性質(zhì)的體現(xiàn))。
a.I found him standing at the door.
句中standing at the door 是作賓語him的補(bǔ)足語,故此處standing為現(xiàn)在分詞,him不可改為his。因?yàn)閔im standing不是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
b.I appreciate you(r) helping me.
句中helping是作動(dòng)詞appreciate的賓語,故此處helping為動(dòng)名詞。 you可改為your, 因?yàn)閥ou(r) helping是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),you是動(dòng)名詞helping邏輯上的主語。
c.We sat talking about college life on the grass.
talking about...在句中作伴隨狀語,修飾動(dòng)詞sat,故為現(xiàn)在分詞。
d.He avoided assuming his responsibility.
assuming...在句中作avoided的賓語,故為動(dòng)名詞。
e. Reading poetry on the stage is one of her strong suits.
reading poetry 作主語,故為動(dòng)名詞。
f. Reading the letter , she burst out crying.
reading the letter作狀語表示時(shí)間,故為現(xiàn)在分詞。
(2)作表語時(shí)的區(qū)別
二者均可作表語,但現(xiàn)在分詞作表語,修飾句子主語,說明主語的性質(zhì)特征;而動(dòng)名詞作表語則說明句子主語的具體內(nèi)容是什么。 一般作表語的-ing大多是動(dòng)名詞。
a.His hobby is collecting stamps.(動(dòng)名詞)
b.Reading is permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer.(動(dòng)名詞)
c.These results are most satisfying .(現(xiàn)在分詞)
(3)作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別
二者均可作定語,但現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,表示被修飾名詞的行為狀態(tài),通常含有進(jìn)行意味,且均可改為定語從句;動(dòng)名詞作定語一般表示所修飾名詞的用途,一般不可直接改為定語從句。 一般作定語的-ing大多是現(xiàn)在分詞。
a.a sleeping car = a car used for sleep(動(dòng)名詞)
b.a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping(現(xiàn)在分詞)
c.a reading room = a room used for reading(動(dòng)名詞)
d.a reading student = a student who is reading(現(xiàn)在分詞)
e.growing pains = pains during the growth period成長(zhǎng)的煩惱(動(dòng)名詞)
f.growing children = children that are growing 正在長(zhǎng)身體的孩子(現(xiàn)在分詞)
g.boiling water = water that is boiling(現(xiàn)在分詞)
h.boiling point = point at which water boils 而并不是 point which boils(動(dòng)名詞)