55　關(guān)于分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的邏輯主語(yǔ)問(wèn)題　Track53

 

如同前文討論的不定式和動(dòng)名詞，分詞也有邏輯主語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題。關(guān)于分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)主要涉及三種不同情況：
（1）主語(yǔ)一致：分詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作應(yīng)該由句子主語(yǔ)發(fā)出
一般來(lái)講，分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作應(yīng)該是由句子主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的。也就是說(shuō)，分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)是一致的，否則句子意思在邏輯上就講不通。先看下面典型的錯(cuò)誤句子：
a. Looking out of the window, there are lots of people in the street.*
b. Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.*
c.After doing my homework, the dog was fed.*
d.When using the computer, the password must be remembered.*
e. Arriving home, the door was found locked.*
f .Being a pop fan, Celine Dion is her favorite.*
上面的句子都因?yàn)榉衷~的動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)不搭配而錯(cuò)誤。我們可以將它們作一下調(diào)整：
a. Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people in the street.
這里looking的動(dòng)作是由I發(fā)出的，即I 是looking的邏輯主語(yǔ)，原分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于When I looked out of the window...
b.As I was waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.或 Waiting for a bus, I saw a brick falling out of a window. / I came across a long lost friend.
c.After I did my homework, the dog was fed. 或最好改為：After doing my homework, I fed the dog.
d.When using the computer, you must remember the password.
e. Arriving home, I found the door locked.
f. Being a pop fan, she likes Celine Dion most.
g.After seeing the movie, _________.
A. the book was read by him
B. the book mad him want to read it
C. the reading of the book interested him
D. he wanted to read the book
正確答案：D。
h.Returning to my apartment, _________.
A. my watch was missing
B. I found my watch disappeared
C. I found my watch missing
D. The watch was missed
正確答案：C。
i. in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. To look at
B. Looking at
C. Looked at
D. To be looked at
正確答案：C。
（2）有自己主語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)——獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)除了上文講到的要與句子主語(yǔ)一致外，很多情況下，分詞本身有自己意義上的主語(yǔ)，這時(shí)分詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作和句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作就不是由同一主語(yǔ)發(fā)出。這種“ 名詞或代詞+分詞短語(yǔ) ”的結(jié)構(gòu)，在英語(yǔ)中被稱為“獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)”。這就類似于動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（my doing）和不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（for sb. to do）。
a. It being so nice a day, we go out for a walk.
b. Weather permitting , we'll be going fishing tomorrow.
c. All the money having been spent , we started looking for work.
錢(qián)全花光后，我們就開(kāi)始找工作。
d. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
誰(shuí)都無(wú)話可說(shuō)了，會(huì)議就結(jié)束了。
e.The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity.
中文中的“危機(jī)”分為兩個(gè)字，一個(gè)意味著危險(xiǎn)，另一個(gè)意味著機(jī)會(huì)。
f.So many directors _________, the board meeting had to be put off.
A. were absent
B. being absent
C. been absent
D. had been absent
正確答案：B。
g.Some snakes lay eggs, others_________birth to live offspring.
A. give
B. giving
C. they give
D. to have given
正確答案：B。
h.Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper_________it closely.
A. followed
B. to follow
C. following
D. being followed
正確答案：C。
（3）固定表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)
在一些表示說(shuō)話人態(tài)度的固定表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)中，分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)是不一致的。但因?yàn)檫@已是約定俗成的用法，所以是正確的。我們?cè)谶\(yùn)用時(shí)，只需記住這些特殊的表達(dá)方式即可。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有：
1）副詞+ speaking ：如generally/strictly/broadly... speaking。
a. Generally speaking , men are stronger than women.（= If we are to speak generally, men...）
b. Strictly speaking , this is not a right answer.
2）分詞 + 介詞：如 judging from, talking of, allowing for（考慮到……），considering, assuming, supposing等。
a. Judging from his expression, he is in a lousy mood.
b. Allowing for her inexperience, she has done a good job.
c. Talking of English, she is the best speaker.
d. Taking everything into consideration , they ought to win this game.
3）分詞+ that從句：如seeing that...（= since...既然……），consi-dering that...（= since...既然……），supposing that...（= if...假如……），granting that...（= though...盡管……），allowing that...（考慮到……）。
a .Considering that she has no experience, she has done a good job.
b .Considering how far from perfect most human brains are, there isn't much threat from a computer.
c. Supposing there was a war, what would you do?
d. Granting that he has made a mistake, he is not to blame, for he intended to help us.