53　過去分詞的意義　Track51

 

（1）被動的、一般的或完成的動作
特點：
此時若將過去分詞改成定語從句，則定語從句的謂語要用被動語態(tài)。
a.the exploited class = the class that is exploited
b.the oppressed nations = the nations that are oppressed
c.a respected writer = a writer who is respected
d.the broken cup = the cup that has been broken before
e.an annoyed man = a man that has been annoyed
f.trained employees = employees who have been trained before
g.boiled water = water that has been boiled
（2）主動的、完成的動作
特點：
1）由及物動詞變來的過去分詞才有被動意義，而由不及物動詞變來的過去分詞則不能表示被動，而只表示主動的、完成的動作。此時，過去分詞一般表示一種完成的狀態(tài)，而多數(shù)已失去了原動詞的動作概念。
2）此時若將過去分詞改成定語從句，則定語從句的謂語要用主動語態(tài)、完成時態(tài)。
a.fallen leaves = leaves that have fallen 　地上的落葉
b.a retired general = a general who has retired 　退伍的將軍
c.faded colors = colors that have faded 　褪了的顏色
d.departed friends = friends that have departed 　久別的朋友
e.a developed country = a country that has developed　 發(fā)達(dá)國家
f.returned students = students that have returned from abroad 　歸國的留學(xué)生們
g.a married man = a man that has married 　已婚男士
此外還有如vanished civilization（失落的文明）, the risen sun（升起的太陽）, rotten teeth（壞了的牙齒）, shrunken clothes（縮水的衣服）, sunken ships（沉沒的船只）, escaped prisoners（逃犯）等。
綜上所述，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞二者的區(qū)別是：
1）從語態(tài)角度來看，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，它與所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，如：
The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.
換句話說：The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher.
而過去分詞通常表示被動意義（不及物動詞的過去分詞除外），與它所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，如：the broken cup意思是“Someone broke the cup.”或“The cup was broken.”。

2）從時態(tài)角度來看，現(xiàn)在分詞一般表示進(jìn)行的動作，過去分詞則表示完成的動作。