45 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的用法比較 Track 045
常常讓學(xué)生將“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”與“一般過去時(shí)”混淆不清的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的第二種用法。因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)完成時(shí)表示的也是過去的動作或情況,只是當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在仍有意義或仍產(chǎn)生影響時(shí)才用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
試比較:
a. He can’t go on holiday because he has broken his leg.
(言外之意Now he is still in hospital, so he can’t go on holiday. 他現(xiàn)在還在住院,所以不能去度假。)
b. He broke his leg.
他腿摔斷過。(單純是表示一種過去的經(jīng)歷,但現(xiàn)在腿已經(jīng)好了。)
c. One of your friends is driving a sports car but he seems to be very nervous and not sure what to do. You may ask: Have you driven a sports car before? He may reply: No, this is the first time that I’ve driven a sports car.
上句顯然就是因?yàn)榭吹脚笥?strong>現(xiàn)在的表現(xiàn)——他很緊張,你提出了懷疑:問他在此前是否“開過車”——于是將現(xiàn)在和過去聯(lián)系起來了。
d. Did you drive to the party?
那天你是開車去參加晚會的嗎?(這只是單純表示過去)試比較:
a. I haven’t seen him this morning.
b. I didn’t see him this morning.
不同的時(shí)態(tài),表明說話的時(shí)間不同:a句用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而完成時(shí)是要與“現(xiàn)在”發(fā)生聯(lián)系的,故a句說話的時(shí)間是this morning。b句用的是一般過去時(shí),說明this morning已經(jīng)成為過去時(shí)間,故b句說話的時(shí)間是在“今天下午”或“今天晚上”。
c. I have called him three times this morning.
d. I called him three times this morning.
同理,c句用了完成時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)的是到現(xiàn)在為止的一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)重復(fù)的動作,故c句說話的時(shí)間是在this morning。d句用的是一般過去時(shí),一般過去時(shí)表明事情發(fā)生在過去,與現(xiàn)在沒有什么聯(lián)系,故d句說話的時(shí)間是在“今天下午”或“今天晚上”。
延續(xù)性動詞的兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別:
請比較以下例句:
a. He lives in Beijing. He has lived here for 3 years.
(還可能將繼續(xù)住在這里)
b. He lived in Beijing for 3 years and then emigrated to America.
(曾經(jīng)住過,但現(xiàn)在已搬走了。)
c. He has been in the army for 6 years.
(他入伍已有六年。)
d. He was in the army for 6 years.
(他當(dāng)過六年的兵,現(xiàn)在不是了。)
e. I have smoked for 2 years.
(我已有兩年的煙齡了,可能還要繼續(xù)吸。)
f.I smoked for 2 years.
(我抽過兩年的煙,但現(xiàn)在戒了。)