42 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去但與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)的使用技巧　Track 042

（1）這種完成時(shí)態(tài)的肯定句不與表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用
這種完成時(shí)態(tài)中，由于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常是短暫性動(dòng)詞，即動(dòng)作在短時(shí)間或瞬間內(nèi)即已終止，不再延續(xù)。常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞有：
come　go　leave　kill
die　lose　buy　start
give　marry　join　bring
因此與它連用不能是指“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。比如下列句子都是典型的錯(cuò)誤句子：
a. I have heard from my girlfriend since I came to America.*
b. I have bought this pair of shoes for a year.*
c. He has left his hometown for 3 years.*
因?yàn)橐陨暇渥拥闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都表示短暫性動(dòng)作，而非延續(xù)性動(dòng)作，因而不能與since和for引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。這種錯(cuò)誤句子的改正有多種方式，現(xiàn)以c句為例，該句可改為：
He left his hometown 3 years ago.
It’s been 3 years since he left his hometown.
He hasn’t come back since he left his hometown 3 years ago.
He has been away from his hometown for 3 years.
但是，含有短暫性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)句子若用否定式，表示尚未發(fā)生的事情，則可視作一種狀態(tài)的延續(xù)，可與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
例句
a. Beggar: Madam, I haven’t seen a piece of meat for weeks.
Lady: Mary, please show this poor man the ham we bought just now.
乞丐：夫人，我有好幾個(gè)星期沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)一片肉了。
夫人：瑪麗，把我們剛才買的那根火腿給他瞧瞧。
b. I haven’t seen a film for weeks .
c. I haven’t heard from my girlfriend since I came to America.
d. I haven’t bought a pair of shoes for a year.
（2）與不確定時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用
這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可以不與任何時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，也可以與一些表示不確定時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：

 
例句
a. —Would you like something to eat?
—No, thanks. I’ve just had dinner.
（剛吃過(guò)飯，現(xiàn)在不餓）
b. The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.
這位美國(guó)權(quán)威的睡眠研究專家聲稱，他從未見(jiàn)過(guò)夢(mèng)游的人。
c. Has it stopped raining yet?
雨停了嗎？
d. He hasn’t arrived yet.
他還沒(méi)到。
e. He has already arrived.
他已經(jīng)到了。
f.I have often thought that it would be perfect if we could fly without any aid.
我時(shí)常在想，如果我們能夠獨(dú)自飛翔該多好啊。
（3）用來(lái)宣布剛剛發(fā)生的事
這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)經(jīng)常用來(lái)表示最近才發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，提供最新消息，因而具有“新聞”性質(zhì)。
a. The President has been assassinated.
總統(tǒng)被暗殺了。
b. He can’t go on holiday because he has broken his leg.
這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事件的內(nèi)容，而不是事件發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間。因而，在實(shí)際生活對(duì)話中，通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)開(kāi)始問(wèn)答，隨著對(duì)話的繼續(xù)，動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)去時(shí)間在說(shuō)話人的腦子里已經(jīng)確定了。所以，繼續(xù)討論時(shí)則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。請(qǐng)認(rèn)真體會(huì)下面的對(duì)話：
c. A: Have you seen the film Forrest Gump? （詢問(wèn)現(xiàn)在對(duì)電影《阿甘正傳》的內(nèi)容是否了解）
B: Yes, I have. （現(xiàn)在知道電影內(nèi)容）
A: When did you see it? （詢問(wèn)看電影的過(guò)去具體時(shí)間）
B: I saw it last spring. （給出具體時(shí)間）
A: Did you see it alone? （詢問(wèn)當(dāng)時(shí)情況）
B: No, I saw it with my boyfriend. （提供過(guò)去事實(shí)）
d. A：The President has been assassinated .
B：Really? When did that happen? （問(wèn)具體的時(shí)間，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）
A：He was killed last night when he spoke in crowd.
e. A：I hear that famous Chinese comedian has died .
B：Really? When did she die?
A：She was dead late last night.
f.A: Has the boss come yet?
B: Yes, he has. He is in his office now.
A: When did he come?
B: He came at 9 o’clock. He asked about you
.