第22章　定　語 22.3　定語從句

22.3　定語從句

22.3.1　限制性定語從句

1) 大多數(shù)定語從句對所修飾詞的意思加以限制，表示“?的人（或東西？”，稱為限制性定語從句（Defining Attributive Clauses），如：

The man who robbed him has been arrested. 搶劫他的人被逮捕了。

The girl whom I saw told me to come back today. 我見到的那個(gè)姑娘叫我今天再來。

That's the best hotel (that) I know. 這是我所知道的最好的旅館。

These are the books (which) you ordered. 這些是你訂購的書。

2) 這類從句多由關(guān)系代詞（a）或關(guān)系副詞（b）引導(dǎo)：

a．Everyone who (that) knew him liked him. 認(rèn)識他的人都喜歡他。

The friend with whom I was traveling spoke French. 和我一道旅行的那位朋友能講法語。

The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. 這電影是講一個(gè)間諜，他的妻子出賣了他。

The car which (that) I hired broke down. 我租的汽車壞了。

b．At the time when I saw him, he was quite strong. 以前我看到他的時(shí)候，他身體挺壯實(shí)的。

This is the village where I was born. 這是我出生的村子。

These are the reasons why we do it. 這些就是我們這樣做的理由。

3) 在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)，在絕大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略，特別是在口語中，在被修飾的詞為all，everything等詞時(shí)尤其如此：

Have you got the postcard (which) I sent you? 我寄給你的明信片收到了嗎？

These are the things (that) you need. 這些就是你要的東西。

Have you got everything you need? 你需要的東西都有了嗎？

Anything I can do for you? 我能幫你做什么嗎？

All you have to do is to fill out this form. 你只需要填這張表就行了。

That's the only thing we can do now. 這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事。

You can take any room you like. 你隨便要哪間房都行。

4) 有些表示時(shí)間的定語從句并不由when引導(dǎo)，特別是在某些句型中：

Every time the telephone rings, he gets nervous. 電話鈴一響他就緊張。

This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss. 這是我第一次和老板發(fā)生嚴(yán)重糾紛。

Come any time you like. 你隨便什么時(shí)候來都行。

In the ten days I was there I gained four pounds in weight. 在那里的十天中我體重增加了四磅。

But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 從她生病的那天起就不斷有人來幫忙。

She made me feel at home the moment I arrived. 我剛到達(dá)她就給我賓至如歸的感覺。

Throughout the period I was in London, it rained heavily. 我在倫敦期間一直下著大雨。

where間或也可省略：

This's the place (where) we met yesterday. 這是我們昨天碰頭的地方。

在way后也可跟一定語從句,不需關(guān)系代詞或副詞：

That's the way I look at it. 這就是我對這事的看法。

They can't help seeing things in the way they do. 他們不由自主地以這種方式看事情。

I did not like the way he eyed me. 我不喜歡他瞪著眼睛瞧我的樣子。

22.3.2　非限制性定語從句

1) 非限制性定語從句（Non-defining Attributive Clauses）對所修飾的詞沒有限制詞義的作用，而只是補(bǔ)充一些說明，通常都有一個(gè)逗號把它和句子的其他部分分開，在譯成中文時(shí)，這個(gè)從句多譯成一個(gè)并列句。限制性定語從句拿掉以后，句子意思常發(fā)生變化，甚至不能成立，而非限制性定語從句拿掉以后對剩下部分沒有太大的影響：

Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 彼得開了一天的車，提議在下一座城市停下來。

Paul, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent. 大家都懷疑保羅，后來證明他是無辜的。

Mr. Smith, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments. 史密斯先生是我的老板，他付超時(shí)工資很大方。

This is George, whose class you will be taking. 這是喬治，你將接手教他的班。

The 9:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today. 9點(diǎn)30分的火車通常都很準(zhǔn)時(shí)，今天卻誤點(diǎn)了。

This house, for which he paid$150, 000, is now worth$300,000. 這所房子他買時(shí)花了十五萬美元，現(xiàn)在值三十萬美元了。

They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen's Peer Gent. 我們?nèi)チ嘶始覄≡?，在那里我們看了易卜生的《彼?英特》。

Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work. 星期天是假日，這一天人們不上班。

應(yīng)注意的是，在這類從句中不能使用關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why，也不能省略任何關(guān)系副詞，這類從句主要出現(xiàn)在書面語中。

2) 在非限制性定語從句中which和whom?？珊蚾f或其他介詞連用：

It now has 20,000 hectares of land, more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬公頃土地，其中三分之二已經(jīng)耕種。

The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽車大部分都已滿載，周圍是一大群憤怒的人。

I picked up the apples, some of which are badly bruised. 我拾起了那些蘋果，其中有些碰損很嚴(yán)重。

It had drafted two constitutions, one of which was never put in force. 它草擬了兩份憲法，其中一份從未實(shí)施過。

This morning some Port wine arrived, for which I know I have to thank you.今天早上送來了一些波爾圖紅葡萄酒，對此我知道我得感謝你。

She had eight children, three of whom lived to grow up. 她生了八個(gè)孩子，其中三個(gè)長大成人了。

Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的兩個(gè)兒子都在國外工作，每周都給她打電話。

I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were college students. 我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有幾個(gè)是大學(xué)生。

3) which有時(shí)不代表一個(gè)名詞，而代表前面句子的全部或部分意思：

They rely on themselves, which is much better. 他們依靠自己，這樣好得多。

He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. 他請我們吃飯，這是他的好意。

He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn't like. 他星期天得工作，這是他不喜歡的。

He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。

He drank beer, which made him fat. 他喝啤酒，這使他發(fā)胖。

When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping. 他常常聚精會神地工作，這時(shí)他會廢寢忘食。

She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她對孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。

4) which在從句中有時(shí)作定語：

I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize. 我把他的名字叫錯了，對此錯誤我應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)狼浮?

He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today. 他在學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，這種知識今天很重要

Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 湯姆在大學(xué)待了四年，在此期間他學(xué)了法語。

I may have to go into hospital, in which case I won't be going on holiday. 我可能得住院，如果那樣我就不去度假了。

關(guān)于定語從句還可參閱第5.6.1—5.6.5節(jié)和第15.1.6節(jié)。

22.3.3　一些其他的定語從句

1) as也可以用作關(guān)系代詞，可引導(dǎo)定語從句，主要和such連用：

We have such grapes as you never saw. 我們有你從未見過的葡萄。

They felt such heat in the jungle as they had never felt before. 在叢林中他們感受到了從未感受過的炎熱。

He returned with such provisions as were needed. 他回來時(shí)帶來了所需的用品。

Such money as he earned was spent on spirits and tobacco. 他掙的那點(diǎn)錢都花在煙酒上了。

such和as有時(shí)連在一起：

We hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had. 我們希望給你一個(gè)別人從未有過的機(jī)會。

There was a look of fear in his eyes, such as people have when they are suddenly awakened. 他眼中透出一種人們突然被叫醒時(shí)露出的驚恐情緒。

as還可以單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)定語從句：

Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes. 索非婭并未失去知覺，這從她的眼神中可以看出來。

He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是個(gè)外國人，我從他的口音中可以聽出來。

He is a teacher, as is clear from his manner. 他是一位教師，這從他的舉止上可以看得很清楚。

As was expected, he performed the task with success. 正像預(yù)料的，他成功地完成了任務(wù)。

2) but也可用作關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句，意思接近于that （who）...not （這種用法已經(jīng)有些陳舊）：

There is no tree but bears some fruit. （諺）沒有不結(jié)果實(shí)的樹。

There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不佩服他的才華。

Surely there isn't a mother but faces this problem. 可以肯定，凡是母親都面臨著這個(gè)問題。

3) whereby，wherein，whereupon也可引導(dǎo)定語從句：

They've set a plan whereby (=by which) you can spread the cost over a period. 他們定出了一個(gè)辦法，照此你可以分期付款。

We need to devise a system whereby people can liaise with each other. 我們需要設(shè)計(jì)一種系統(tǒng)，通過它人們可以互相聯(lián)絡(luò)。

He gazed once more around the room, wherein (=in which) were assembled his entire family. 他再次注目于屋內(nèi)各處，那里聚集了他全家。

I told her she looked fat, whereupon (=upon which) she threw the entire contents of a saucepan at me and burst into tears. 我告訴她她看上去胖了，聽了這話她把平底鍋里的東西都向我潑來，然后便放聲大哭。

這種用法僅限于書面語，而且有些陳舊。