第17章　連　詞 17.3　并列連詞

17.3　并列連詞

17.3.1　并列連詞and和or

1) and和or是用得最多的并列連詞，可以連接：

a． 兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞：

We were singing and dancing all evening. 整個(gè)晚上我們都在唱歌跳舞。

He started to shout and swear. 他開(kāi)始又喊又罵。

You can walk up or take the cable car. 你可以走上去，也可坐纜車上去。

He never smokes or drinks. 他從不抽煙喝酒。

b． 名詞、形容詞等：

Father and son went to New York by a morning train. 父子兩人坐早上的火車去了紐約。

She was sweet and amiable. 她甜美和藹。

Read it slowly and clearly. 念慢一點(diǎn)，清楚一點(diǎn)。

Would you like fish or beef? 你要魚還是牛肉？

It's now or never, shall we chance it? 機(jī)不可失，時(shí)不再來(lái)。咱們要不要碰碰運(yùn)氣？

c． 兩個(gè)并列的分句 （句子）：

I said it and I meant it. 我說(shuō)話算話。

He had plenty of money and he spent it freely. 他很有錢，花起來(lái)很隨便。

Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first? 你想馬上洗澡，還是我先洗？

Do you want to leave now or would you rather set off later? 你想現(xiàn)在就走，還是愿意晚點(diǎn)出發(fā)？

2) and可連接兩個(gè)分句，表示“只要…？”：

Utter one word, and you are a dead man! 說(shuō)一句話就要你的命！

Go straight on and you'll see a church. 一直往前走你會(huì)看到一座教堂。

Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他會(huì)得寸進(jìn)尺。

3) or可連接分句，表示“否？”：

He had to have a job or (he would) go hungry. 他得有一份工作，否則就要挨餓。

Have a care what you say or you may regret it. 說(shuō)話要當(dāng)心，否則你會(huì)后悔。

Don't drive so fast or you'll have an accident. 別開(kāi)這么快，不然你會(huì)出車禍。

17.3.2　表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞

表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞主要有but，yet：

1) but主要連接兩個(gè)并列的分句：

All this he did, but it had no effect at all. 這一切他都做了，但一點(diǎn)都不起作用。

James hasn't got a car, but his sister has. 詹姆斯沒(méi)有小汽車，但他姐姐有。

She's been learning Italian for six years, but she doesn't speak it very well.她學(xué)意大利語(yǔ)有六年了，但還是講得不太好。

I'dlove to come but I can't make it till 8 o'clock. 我愿意來(lái)，不過(guò)要到八點(diǎn)才行。

有時(shí)也可連接兩個(gè)并列的成分：

The weather will be sunny but cold. 天氣會(huì)晴朗但很冷。

The fox may grow grey, but never good.（諺）狐貍會(huì)變老，卻不會(huì)變好。

He no longer felt despondent, but happy and hopeful. 他不再沮喪，而是開(kāi)心并充滿希望。

He is not a novelist, but a dramatist. 他不是小說(shuō)家，而是劇作家。

They see the trees, but not the forest. 他們只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木不見(jiàn)森林。

間或還可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)：

He tried to save it, but in vain. 他努力想救活它，但沒(méi)有用。

He glanced about, but seeing only the empty room. 他向四周張望，但只看見(jiàn)那個(gè)空房間。

2) yet主要連接兩個(gè)分句：

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. （諺）創(chuàng)痛雖愈，傷痕猶在。

Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. 簡(jiǎn)說(shuō)她病了，但剛才在街上我曾看到她。

They are ugly and expensive, yet people buy them. 它們又丑又貴，但人們還是要買。

有時(shí)連接兩個(gè)形容詞：

It is strange, yet true. 這很奇怪，卻是真的。

The judge was stern, yet completely fair. 這法官很嚴(yán)厲，但絕對(duì)公正。

有時(shí)還可與and和but一起用：

I offered him still more, and yet he wasn't satisfied. 我又給了他一些，但他仍然不滿意。

She's a funny girl, but yet you can't help liking her. 她是個(gè)奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住會(huì)喜歡她。

3) however，nevertheless，still等為副詞，但可起連接作用，表示意思的轉(zhuǎn)折：

however：

His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. 他的第一反應(yīng)是不行，但后來(lái)他改變了主意。

Sales are poor this month. There may, however, be an increase before Christmas. 這個(gè)月銷量很差，但圣誕節(jié)前可能會(huì)增加。

I'll offer it to Tom. However, he may not want it. 我將把它送給湯姆，不過(guò)他可能不會(huì)要。

nevertheless：

They hadn't trained hard, nevertheless (but) they won. 他們并沒(méi)有努力訓(xùn)練，但還是打贏了

He's charming;nevertheless, I don't trust him. 他很迷人，但我不太信任他。

He was angry, nevertheless (however) he listened to me. 他很生氣，不過(guò)他還是聽(tīng)了我的話。

still：

You did wrong. Still, I'm ready to forgive you. 你做錯(cuò)了事，不過(guò)我愿意原諒你。

It's raining;still I'dlike to go. 天在下雨，但我還是想去。

He is naughty, (but) still you cannot help liking him. 他很調(diào)皮，但你還是禁不住會(huì)喜歡他。

all the same：

Nobody wishes you harm, (but) they down you all the same. 沒(méi)有人有心傷害你，但他們還是看不起你。

She is naughty, all (just) the same we have to laugh at her jokes. 她很調(diào)皮，但對(duì)她的惡作劇我們還是要發(fā)笑。

I am sure she'll say yes, but I should ask her permission first all the same.我肯定她會(huì)答應(yīng)的，但我還是應(yīng)該先征求她的同意。

17.3.3　表示因果關(guān)系的連詞

1) for可表示“因？”，但引導(dǎo)的不是從句，而是分句，對(duì)前面情況加以解釋，常用逗號(hào)把它和前面的分句分開(kāi)，這在書面語(yǔ)中比較多見(jiàn)（口語(yǔ)中多用because，as，since等 ）：

The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是十二月。

He took the food eagerly, for he had eaten nothing since dawn. 他吃得很香，因?yàn)樽蕴炝疗鹚蜎](méi)吃東西。

The children soon lost their way, for they had never been in the forest before.孩子們很快迷了路，因?yàn)樗麄儚奈催M(jìn)過(guò)這座森林。

它還可以表示為什么有前面的看法（此時(shí)不能用because，as，since）：

It must have rained in the night for when I woke the next morning I saw the grass wet. 夜里準(zhǔn)是下了雨，因?yàn)槲以缟衔倚褋?lái)看見(jiàn)草地是濕的。

She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakfast. 她肯定一早出去了，因?yàn)樗龥](méi)來(lái)吃早飯。

2) so表示結(jié)果，可譯為“因？”、“所？”：

Nobody seemed about, so I went in. 附近似乎沒(méi)人，因此我走了進(jìn)去。

The play began at eight, so they must dine at seven. 戲八點(diǎn)開(kāi)始，所以他們得七點(diǎn)吃飯。

She felt very tired so she went to bed early. 她感到很疲倦，于是早早就睡覺(jué)了。

Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. 我們的箱子很重，因此我們坐了出租車。

3) therefore為副詞，也表示同樣的意思，但比較文氣一點(diǎn)，可以放在分句前：

There is fog at Heathrow;therefore the plane has been diverted. 希思羅機(jī)場(chǎng)有霧，因此飛機(jī)改到別的機(jī)場(chǎng)降落。

It rained;therefore the game was called off. 天下雨了，比賽因此取消。

也可插在句子中間：

He's out of the country and therefore unable to attend the meeting. 他在國(guó)外，因此不能參加會(huì)議。

He had finished the Times, there was therefore nothing to do. 他已看完泰晤士報(bào)，因此沒(méi)事可干了。

He had gone;she therefore gave the money to me. 他走了，于是她把錢給了我。

4) hence也是副詞，也表示類似意思，多用在說(shuō)理性文章中，且多用在分句或句子開(kāi)頭：

My mother is by herself;hence I must go home now. 我媽一個(gè)人在家，因此我得回去了。

Microwaves have got cheaper and hence more people can afford it. 微波爐便宜些了，因此更多的人買得起了。

Hence he was annoyed by many unwelcome attentions. 因此許多不受歡迎的殷勤舉動(dòng)惹得他不高興。

有時(shí)后面只跟一個(gè)動(dòng)詞：

The town was built on the side of a hill, hence the name Hillside. 這座城市建在山腰，因此稱作山腰城。

I fell off my bike yesterday—hence the bruises. 我昨天從自行車上摔下來(lái)了，因此身上摔青了。

17.3.4　其他并列連詞

1) 其他并列連詞有下面這些，多連接兩個(gè)并列的成分：

either...or：

Either Tim or his brother has to shovel the snow. 要么是蒂姆要么是他弟弟得去鏟雪。

She's either French or Spanish. 她不是法國(guó)人就是西班牙人。

I left it either on the table or in the drawer. 我把它不是放在桌上就是放在抽屜里了。

You can either write or phone to order a copy. 你可寄信或打電話去定購(gòu)一本。

It was either pink, red or orange. 它或是粉紅色、紅色，或是橘紅色。

Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you. 要么你得改進(jìn)工作，要么我就辭退你。

neither...nor：

He can neither read nor write. 他既不能讀又不能寫。

They have neither natural gas nor running water. 他們既沒(méi)有天然氣又沒(méi)有自來(lái)水。

He was neither clever nor stupid. 他既不聰明也不笨。

Paul came just at the right time, neither too early nor too late. 保羅來(lái)得正是時(shí)候，既不太早也不太晚。

Neither your mother nor I have any other thought but what is best for you. 不管是你媽媽還是我，除了一切為你好沒(méi)有別的想法。

both...and：

You've given both your uncle and myself a lot of trouble. 你給你姑父和我都添了很多麻煩。

Sophia was both glad and sorry to see her. 索菲婭看到她既高興又難過(guò)。

I decided to play safe both for own sake and the job's. 為我自己，也為了工作，我決定謹(jǐn)慎行事。

He both speaks and writes Swahili. 他既能說(shuō)又能寫斯瓦希里語(yǔ)。

as well as：

John can speak Chinese as well as French. 約翰能講漢語(yǔ)及法語(yǔ)。

We shall travel by night as well as by day. 我們將日夜兼程。

The conflict spread everywhere, into villages, as well as into the cities. 沖突到處蔓延，蔓延到了農(nóng)村，也蔓延到了城市。

It is a political as well as an economic question. 這是一個(gè)政治問(wèn)題，也是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。

2) not only...but aslo也連接兩個(gè)并列成分：

He not only did the shopping but he also cook the meal. 他不僅買東西，而且還做飯。

The cuts will affect not only this school but also other schools in this area. 削減經(jīng)費(fèi)不僅影響這所學(xué)校，而且影響區(qū)內(nèi)的其他學(xué)校。

Not only was my mother unhappy, but Marian, too. 不僅我母親很痛苦，瑪麗安也很痛苦。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 他不光講得更正確，也講得更不費(fèi)勁了。